I mua i te whakangaromanga o te 3 piriona, neke atu rānei, e ngā mate, i āwhina tēnei rākau ki te hanga i tētahi Amerika ahumahi. Hei whakahoki mai i tōna kororia kua ngaro, me awhi pea tātou i te taiao me te whakatika.
I tētahi wā i te tau 1989, i tae mai he waea ki a Herbert Darling: I kōrero mai tētahi kaiwhai ki a ia kua tūtaki ia ki tētahi rākau nati Amerika teitei i te whenua o Darling i te Zor Valley i te taha hauāuru o New York. I mōhio a Darling ko ngā nati tētahi o ngā rākau tino nui o te rohe i mua. I mōhio anō hoki ia i tata whakangaromia e tētahi harore whakamate te momo mō te neke atu i te rautau me te haurua. I tōna rongonga i te pūrongo a te kaiwhai mō tana kitenga i tētahi nati ora, e rua putu te roa o te take o te nati, ā, i tae ki tētahi whare e rima ngā papa, ka ruarua ia. "Kāore au i te tino mōhio mēnā e mōhio ana ia he aha te mea," te kī a Darling.
I te kitenga o Darling i te rākau, he rite tonu ki te titiro ki tētahi tangata pakiwaitara. I mea ia: "He tino māmā, he tino tika hoki te hanga i tētahi tauira - he rawe." Engari i kite anō a Darling kei te mate te rākau. Mai i te tīmatanga o te tau 1900, kua pāngia ia e te mate urutā kotahi, e kiia ana kua mate te 3 piriona, neke atu rānei, i aua mate. Koinei te mate tuatahi i kawea mai e te tangata e whakangaro ana i ngā rākau i roto i te hītori o ēnei rā. I whakaaro a Darling, mēnā kāore e taea e ia te whakaora i taua rākau, me whakaora e ia ōna purapura. Kotahi te raruraru: kāore te rākau e mahi ana i tetahi mea nā te mea kāore he rākau nati kē atu e tata ana ka taea te whakapūpū i a ia.
He miihini a Darling e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga a te miihini hei whakaoti rapanga. I te marama o Hune i muri mai, i te wā i marara ai ngā putiputi kōwhai mā ki runga i te tihi matomato o te rākau, ka whakakīia e Darling ngā matā pupuhi ki te paura pupuhi, i tangohia mai i ngā putiputi tāne o tētahi atu rākau nati i akohia e ia, ā, ka peia ki te raki. Kotahi te haora me te hawhe te roa. I pupuhi ia i te rākau mai i te hērakapeta i riihitia. (Kei te whakahaere ia i tētahi kamupene hanga angitu e taea ai te utu i te utu nui.) I rahua tēnei mahi. I te tau i muri mai, ka ngana anō a Darling. I tēnei wā, ka tōia e ia me tana tama te tūāpapa ki ngā nati i te tihi o te puke, ā, ka hanga he papa 80-putu te teitei i roto i te neke atu i te rua wiki. I piki taku e aroha nei ki runga i te tihi, ā, ka horoia ngā putiputi me ngā putiputi rite ki te noke i runga i tētahi atu rākau nati.
I taua ngahuru, i puta mai ngā tataramoa i ngā manga o te rākau a Darling kua kapi i ngā tataramoa matomato. He matotoru, he koi hoki ēnei tataramoa, ā, tera pea e pohehetia he cacti. Kāore i te nui te kotinga, e 100 pea ngā nati, engari kua whakatōkia e Darling ētahi, ā, kua whakatūria he tumanako. I whakapā atu hoki ia me tētahi hoa ki a Charles Maynard rāua ko William Powell, he tohunga ira rākau tokorua i te Kura Pūtaiao Taiao me te Ngāherehere o te Whare Wānanga o New York i Syracuse (i mate a Chuck rāua ko Bill). Nō nā tata nei rāua i tīmata ai i tētahi kaupapa rangahau nati iti te tahua i reira. I hoatu e Darling ētahi nati ki a rāua, ā, i pātai atu ki ngā kaipūtaiao mēnā ka taea e rāua te whakamahi hei whakahoki mai. I mea a Darling: "He mea nui tēnei." "Te rawhiti katoa o te Hononga o Amerika." Heoi, i muri i ētahi tau, ka mate tana ake rākau.
Mai i te tīmatanga o te noho a te Pākehā ki Amerika Te Raki, kua ngaro te nuinga o te kōrero mō ngā ngahere o te whenua. Heoi, e whakaarohia ana te tono a Darling e te tini ko tētahi o ngā whai wāhitanga tino whai hua hei tīmata whakahou i te kōrero – i te tīmatanga o tēnei tau, i tukuna e te Templeton World Charity Foundation te nuinga o tōna hītori ki te kaupapa a Maynard and Powell, ā, nā tēnei mahi i taea ai te whakakore i tētahi mahi iti i neke atu i te $3 miriona te utu. Koinei te koha kotahi nui rawa atu i tukuna ki te whare wānanga. Nā te rangahau a ngā tohunga ira i akiaki i ngā kaitiaki taiao ki te aro atu ki te tirohanga i roto i tētahi huarahi hou, ā, i ētahi wā he uaua, arā, ko te whakatika i te ao tūroa ehara i te mea me hoki ki tētahi Māra o Ētene. Engari, tera pea ko te awhi i te tūranga kua riro i a tātou: te kaihanga o ngā mea katoa tae atu ki te taiao.
He roa, he niho ngā rau o te nati, ā, he rite tonu ki ngā mata kani kakariki iti e rua e hono ana ki muri ki te uaua o waenganui o te rau. I tētahi pito, e rua ngā rau e hono ana ki te kakau. I tētahi pito, ka hanga he pito koi, e piko ana ki te taha. Ka tapahia e tēnei āhua ohorere i roto i ngā puke kakariki me ngā onepū i roto i te ngahere, ā, ko te whakaaroaro whakamiharo a ngā kaihaerere i whakaoho i te aro o te tangata, e whakamahara ana i a rātou ki tā rātou haerenga i roto i te ngahere i mua he maha ngā rākau kaha.
Mā te tuhituhi me te mahara anake ka taea e tātou te tino mārama ki ēnei rākau. I tuhituhi a Lucille Griffin, te kaiwhakahaere matua o te American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, i reira ka kite koe i ngā nati he tino momona, ā, i te puna, ko ngā putiputi kirīmi, rārangi i runga i te rākau "pērā i te mea e rere ana ngā ngaru huka i te taha o te puke", e arahi ana ki ngā maharatanga o te koroua. I te ngahuru, ka pahū anō te rākau, i tēnei wā me ngā taratara koikoi e kapi ana i te reka. "I te pakari o ngā nati, i puranga ahau i te hawhe pūhera i te takurua," te tuhituhi a Thoreau hihiri i roto i "Walden." "I taua wā, he tino whakahihiri te haereere i te ngahere nati mutunga kore i Lincoln i taua wā."
He tino pono ngā nati tītī. Kāore i rite ki ngā rākau ōki e taka noa ana ngā hua o te nati i roto i ētahi tau torutoru, he nui ngā hua nati e puta mai ana i ngā rākau tītī i ia ngahuru. He ngāwari hoki te nakunaku i ngā tītī: ka taea e koe te tihore i a rātou ka kai i tētahi mata. (Whakamātauria te whakamahi i ngā hua o te nati he nui ngā tannins - kaua rānei e mahi.) Ka kai te katoa i ngā tītī: te tia, te kiore, te pea, te manu, te tangata. Ka tukuna e ngā kaimahi pāmu ā rātou poaka ka momona i roto i te ngahere. I te Kirihimete, ka rere ngā tereina kī tonu i ngā tītī mai i ngā maunga ki te tāone. Ae, i tahuna rātou e te ahi. "E kiia ana i ētahi wāhi, he nui ake te moni whiwhi a ngā kaimahi pāmu mai i te hoko tītī i ngā hua ahuwhenua katoa," te kī a William L. Bray, te tīhana tuatahi o te kura i mahi ai a Maynard rāua ko Powell i muri mai. I tuhia i te tau 1915. Ko te rākau a te iwi, ko te nuinga o ēnei e tupu ana i roto i te ngahere.
Ehara i te kai anake te mea e whakaratohia ana. Ka taea e ngā rākau tīnati te piki ki te 120 putu te teitei, ā, kāore ngā 50 putu tuatahi e whakakorikoria e ngā manga, e ngā pona rānei. Koinei te moemoeā a ngā kaitārai rakau. Ahakoa ehara i te mea tino ataahua, ehara hoki i te mea tino kaha, ka tere te tupu, inā koa ka pihi anō i muri i te tapahi, ā, kāore e pirau. I te mea kua hipa ake te pakari o ngā here rerewē me ngā pou waea i te ataahua, i āwhina a Tīnati ki te hanga i tētahi Amerika ahumahi. E tū tonu ana ngā mano tini o ngā whare witi, ngā kāpata me ngā whare karakia i hangaia ki ngā tīnati; i te tau 1915 i whakatau tata tētahi kaituhi koinei te momo rākau i tino tapahia i te United States.
I te nuinga o te rāwhiti—mai i Mississippi ki Maine ngā rākau, mai i te takutai moana o te Moana Ataratiki ki te awa o Mississippi—ko ngā nati tētahi o aua rākau. Engari i ngā whenua o Appalachians, he rākau nui. E hia piriona ngā nati e noho ana i runga i ēnei maunga.
He tika te putanga tuatahi mai o te mate Fusarium i Niu Ioka, te tomokanga ki te tini o ngā Amerikana. I te tau 1904, i kitea he mate kē i runga i te kiri o tētahi rākau nati e tata ngaro ana i te Zoo Bronx. I tere te whakatau a ngā kairangahau ko te harore i puta ai te mate huakita (i muri mai ka kiia ko Cryphonectria parasitica) i tae mai ki ngā rākau Hapanihi kawemai i te tau 1876. (He roa te wā i waenganui i te whakaurunga mai o tētahi momo me te kitenga o ngā raruraru e kitea ana.)
Kāore i roa ka pūrongohia e te iwi i roto i ētahi kawanatanga kua mate ngā rākau. I te tau 1906, i whakaputaina e William A. Murrill, he tohunga mō ngā mate pūkahukahu i te New York Botanical Garden, te tuhinga pūtaiao tuatahi mō te mate. I tohu a Muriel ka puta he mate pupuhi kōwhai-parauri i runga i te kiri o te rākau nati, ā, ka mutu ka horoia te taha o te pūtake. Ina kore e taea e ngā matūkai me te wai te rere ake, te rere iho rānei i roto i ngā oko kiri i raro i te kiri, ka mate ngā mea katoa i runga ake i te mowhiti mate.
Kāore e taea e ētahi te whakaaro - kāore rānei e hiahia kia whakaaro ētahi atu - he rākau e ngaro ana i te ngahere. I te tau 1911, i whakapono a Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, he kamupene kōhungahunga i Pennsylvania, he "neke atu i te wehi noa iho" te mate. Te noho roa o ngā kairīpoata kore kawenga. I kati te pāmu i te tau 1913. I ngā tau e rua ki muri, i karangahia e Pennsylvania he komiti mate nati, i whakamanahia kia whakapau US$275,000 (he moni nui i taua wā), ā, i panuitia he kete mana hei mahi i ngā mahi hei whawhai i tēnei mamae, tae atu ki te tika ki te whakangaro i ngā rākau i runga i te whenua tūmataiti. E taunaki ana ngā tohunga mate kia tangohia ngā rākau nati katoa i roto i ētahi maero mai i mua o te mate matua hei whakaputa i te pānga ārai ahi. Engari i puta ko tēnei harore ka peke ki ngā rākau kāore i pangia, ā, ka pangia ōna pua e te hau, ngā manu, ngā pepeke me te tangata. I whakarērea te mahere.
I te tau 1940, tata kore rawa he nati nui i pangia. I tēnei rā, kua ngaro te uara o ngā piriona tāra. Nā te mea kāore e taea e te ngaromanga fusarium te ora i roto i te oneone, ka pihi tonu ngā pakiaka nati, ā, neke atu i te 400 miriona o rātou kei te toe tonu i roto i te ngahere. Heoi, i kitea e te ngaromanga Fusarium he puna wai i roto i te rākau ōki i noho ai ia, kāore i whara nui i tōna kaihautū. Mai i reira, ka horapa wawe ki ngā puku nati hou, ka turakina ki te whenua, i mua noa atu i te taenga ki te wā pua.
Kua kitea e te umanga rakau ētahi atu momo kē atu: te ōki, te paina, te nati, me te pungarehu. Ko te whakamāori i te kiri, tētahi atu umanga nui e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rākau nati, kua huri ki ngā kai whakamāori i te kiri. Mō te tini o ngā kaimahi pāmu rawakore, kāore he mea hei whakawhiti: kāore he rākau taketake e whakarato ana i ngā kaora me te pūmua kore utu, pono, me te nui. Ka taea te kī ko te mate nati te whakamutu i tētahi mahi noa o te ahuwhenua whaiaro a ngā tāngata o Appalachia, e akiaki ana i te iwi o te rohe kia whai kōwhiringa mārama: haere ki roto i te maina waro, neke atu rānei. I tuhituhi te kaituhi hītori a Donald Davis i te tau 2005: "Nā te matenga o ngā nati, kua mate te ao katoa, e whakakore ana i ngā tikanga oranga kua noho ki ngā Maunga Appalachian mō ngā rautau e whā neke atu."
I tipu ake a Powell i tawhiti atu i ngā whenua o Appalachia me ngā whenua nati. I mahi tōna matua i roto i te Ope Taua Rererangi, ā, i neke atu ki tōna whānau: ki Indiana, ki Florida, ki Tiamana, me te takutai rāwhiti o Maryland. Ahakoa i noho ia ki New York mō tētahi mahi, i mau tonu i ana kōrero te pono o te Midwest me te whakaaro ngawari engari e kitea ana o te Tonga. Ko ana tikanga ngāwari me tana momo tuitui ngāwari e tautoko ana tetahi i tetahi, e whakaatu ana i ngā tarau tiini me te hurihanga hāte kore mutunga. Ko tana kupu tino pai ko te "wow".
Kei te whakaaro a Powell kia noho hei rata kararehe tae noa ki te wā e oati ai tētahi ahorangi ira ki a ia mō tētahi ahuwhenua hou, matomato ake i runga i ngā tipu kua whakarerekētia te ira ka taea te whakaputa i ōna ake kaha ārai pepeke me te mate. "I whakaaro ahau, āe, ehara i te mea pai te hanga tipu hei tiaki i a koe mai i ngā pepeke, ā, kāore koe e hiahia ki te rehu i ngā patu pepeke ki runga i a rātou?" te kī a Powell. "Ko te tikanga, kāore te toenga o te ao e whai i te whakaaro kotahi."
I te taenga atu o Powell ki te kura paerua o Te Whare Wānanga o Utah State i te tau 1983, kāore ia i māharahara. Heoi, i uru atu ia ki tētahi taiwhanga o tētahi tohunga koiora, ā, i te mahi ia i tētahi huaketo ka taea te whakararu i te harore pirau. Kāore i tino pai ā rātou ngana ki te whakamahi i tēnei huaketo: kāore i horapa mai i tētahi rākau ki tētahi rākau, nō reira me whakarite kia rite mō ngā momo harore maha. Ahakoa tēnei, i miharo a Powell ki te kōrero mō te hinganga o tētahi rākau nui, ā, i whakaratohia e ia he otinga pūtaiao mō te puta o ngā hapa kino a te tangata. I mea ia: "Nā te whakahaere kino o ā mātou taonga e neke haere ana i te ao, i kawea mai e mātou ngā mate urutā." "I whakaaro ahau: Āe, he mea whakamere tēnei. He whai wāhi ki te whakahoki mai."
Ehara i te mea ko Powell te tuatahi o ngā ngana ki te whakakore i ngā mate. I muri i te māramatanga ka hinga ngā nati Amerika, ka ngana te USDA ki te whakato i ngā rākau nati Haina, he whanaunga e ātete ake ana ki te memeha, kia mārama ai mēnā ka taea e tēnei momo te whakakapi i ngā nati Amerika. Heoi, ko ngā nati te nuinga o te tipu ki waho, ā, he rite ake ki ngā rākau hua i ngā rākau hua. I roto i te ngahere, he iti ake i a rātou ngā rākau ōki me ētahi atu rākau nunui o Amerika. Ka āraia tō rātou tipu, ka mate noa rānei. I ngana anō hoki ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakatipu nati mai i te Hononga o Amerika me Haina, me te tumanako ka puta he rākau me ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā mea e rua. I rahua ngā mahi a te kāwanatanga, ā, i whakarērea.
I te mutunga iho, i mahi a Powell i te Kura Pūtaiao Taiao me te Ngāherehere o te Whare Wānanga o Niu Ioka, ā, i reira ka tūtaki ia ki a Chuck Maynard, he tohunga ira i whakatō rākau i roto i te taiwhanga. I ētahi tau kua pahure ake nei, i hangaia e ngā kaipūtaiao te kiko tipu tuatahi kua whakarerekētia te ira - mā te tāpiri i tētahi ira e whakarato ana i te ātete ki ngā paturopi ki te tupeka mō ngā whakaaturanga hangarau kaua ki tētahi whakamahinga arumoni. I tīmata a Maynard (Maynard) ki te whakamātau i ngā hangarau hou, i a ia e rapu ana i ngā hangarau whai hua e pā ana ki taua mea. I taua wā, he purapura tā Darling, ā, he wero anō hoki: te whakatika i ngā nati Amerika.
I roto i ngā mano tau o ngā mahi whakatipu tipu tuku iho, kua whakawhitihia e ngā kaimahi pāmu (me ngā kaipūtaiao hou) ngā momo me ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana. Kātahi ka whakaranua ngā ira ki roto i te taiao, ā, ka whiriwhiria e te tangata ngā ranunga whai hua mō te kounga teitei ake - he hua nui ake, he hua reka ake, he ātete rānei ki te mate. I te nuinga o te wā, he maha ngā whakatipuranga e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa i tētahi hua. He puhoi tēnei tukanga, ā, he ahua pōhēhē. I whakaaro a Darling mēnā ka puta mai i tēnei tikanga he rākau pai rite ki tōna āhua mohoao. I mea mai ia ki ahau: "Ki taku whakaaro ka taea e tātou te mahi pai ake."
Ko te tikanga o te hangarau ira he nui ake te mana whakahaere: ahakoa he ira motuhake nō tētahi momo kāore i te hono, ka taea te whiriwhiri mō tētahi kaupapa motuhake, ka whakaurua ki roto i te ira o tētahi atu rauropi. (Ko ngā rauropi he ira nō ngā momo rerekē ka "whakarerekētia e te ira". Nō nā tata nei, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā tikanga hei whakatika tika i te ira o ngā rauropi ūnga.) E oati ana tēnei hangarau i te tika me te tere onge. E whakapono ana a Powell he tino pai tēnei mō ngā nati Amerika, e kiia nei e ia he "rākau tata tino pai" - he kaha, he teitei, he nui hoki ngā puna kai, me te hiahia noa ki tētahi whakatikatika tino motuhake: te ātete ki te pirau huakita.
E hoa mā, e whakaae ana mātou. I mea ia: "Me whai miihini tātou i roto i tā tātou mahi." "Mai i te hanganga ki te hanganga he momo aunoatanga noa iho tēnei."
E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a Powell rāua ko Maynard, e tekau tau pea te roa ki te kimi i ngā ira e ārai ana i te mate, ki te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau hei tāpiri atu ki te ira o te nati, kātahi ka whakatipu. "He whakaaro noa iho tā mātou," te kī a Powell. "Kāore he ira o tētahi e ārai ana i te mate harore. I tīmata noa mātou i tētahi wāhi takoto kau."
I rapu tautoko a Darling i te American Chestnut Foundation, he whakahaere kore-moni i whakatūria i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980. I kī atu tōna kaiārahi ki a ia kua ngaro kē ia. E whakapau kaha ana rātou ki te whakakotahi i ngā momo ira, ā, kei te tūpato tonu rātou ki te hangarau ira, ā, kua ara ake te whakahē a ngā kaitiaki taiao. Nō reira, i whakatūria e Darling tana ake whakahaere kore-moni hei putea i ngā mahi hangarau ira. I kī a Powell nā te whakahaere i tuhi te haki tuatahi ki a Maynard rāua ko Powell mō te $30,000. (I te tau 1990, i whakahoutia e te whakahaere ā-motu, ā, i whakaaetia te rōpū wehewehe a Darling hei peka tuatahi mō te kawanatanga, engari i ruarua tonu ētahi mema, i tino whakahē rānei ki te hangarau ira.)
Kei te mahi a Maynard rāua ko Powell. Tata tonu, kāore i tino pono tā rāua wātaka i whakaritea. Ko te arai tuatahi ko te kimi me pēhea te whakatipu nati i roto i te taiwhanga. I whakamātau a Maynard i te whakaranu i ngā rau nati me te homoni tipu ki roto i tētahi rihi petri kirihou porowhita, he tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakatipu pōpara. Ka kitea he kore pono tēnei. Kāore ngā rākau hou e puta he pakiaka me he wana mai i ngā pūtau motuhake. I mea a Maynard: "Ko au te kaiārahi o te ao i roto i te patu i ngā rākau nati." Nā tētahi kairangahau i Te Whare Wānanga o Georgia, a Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) i whakaako i a Maynard me pēhea te neke mai i te whakapūtanga ki te mea e whai ake nei. Whakatō nati i roto i ngā kukune i te wāhanga whanaketanga.
He uaua hoki te kimi i te ira tika - te mahi a Powell. He maha ngā tau i pau i a ia ki te rangahau i tētahi matū patu huakita i runga i ngā ira poroka, engari i whakarērea e ia te matū nā te mea kei kore pea te marea e whakaae ki ngā rākau he poroka. I rapua anō e ia tētahi ira hei ārai i te mate kitakita i roto i ngā nati, engari i kitea ko te tiaki i te rākau he maha ngā ira (e ono pea te iti rawa i kitea e rātou). Kātahi, i te tau 1997, ka hoki mai tētahi hoa mahi mai i tētahi hui pūtaiao, ā, ka whakarārangihia he whakarāpopototanga me te whakaaturanga. I tuhia e Powell tētahi taitara ko "Expression of oxalate oxidase in transgenic plants provides resistance to oxalate and oxalate-producing fungi". Mai i tana rangahau huaketo, i mōhio a Powell ka tukuna e ngā harore ngenge te waikawa oxalic hei patu i te kiri nati me te ngāwari ki te nakunaku. I kite a Powell mēnā ka taea e te nati te whakaputa i tana ake oxalate oxidase (he pūmua motuhake ka taea te wawahi i te oxalate), kāti ka taea pea e ia te tiaki i a ia anō. I mea ia: "Koinei taku wā Eureka."
E kitea ana he maha ngā tipu he ira kei a rātou e āhei ai ki te whakaputa i te oxalate oxidase. Mai i te kairangahau nāna i tuku te whaikōrero, i whiwhi a Powell i tētahi momo witi. I whakapai ake te tauira paerua, a Linda Polin McGuigan, i te hangarau "pū ira" hei tuku i ngā ira ki roto i ngā kukune nati, me te tumanako ka taea te whakauru ki roto i te DNA o te kukune. I noho te ira mō te wā poto ki roto i te kukune, engari i ngaro atu. I whakarērea e te tīma rangahau tēnei tikanga, ā, i huri ki tētahi huakita i whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga tapahi i te DNA o ētahi atu rauropi me te whakauru i ō rātou ira. I roto i te taiao, ka tāpirihia e ngā moroiti ngā ira e akiaki ana i te kaihautū ki te hanga kai huakita. I whakaekea e ngā tohunga ira tēnei huakita kia taea ai e ia te whakauru i tētahi ira e hiahiatia ana e te kaipūtaiao. I whiwhi a McGuigan i te kaha ki te tāpiri pono i ngā ira witi me ngā pūmua tohu ki ngā kukune nati. Ina whakamātaohia te pūmua i raro i te karuārai, ka tukuna e te pūmua he rama matomato, e tohu ana i te whakaurunga angitu. (I mutu wawe te tīma ki te whakamahi i ngā pūmua tohu - kāore tetahi i hiahia ki tētahi rākau ka taea te kanapa.) I kī a Maynard ko te tikanga "te mea tino ataahua o te ao."
I roto i ngā wā, i hangaia e Maynard rāua ko Powell tētahi raina huihuinga nati, e toro atu ana ki ngā papa maha o tētahi whare rangahau ngahere ataahua o ngā tau 1960, tae atu ki te whare hou kanapa o waho o te kāmpus "Biotech Accelerator". Ko te tukanga tuatahi ko te whiriwhiri i ngā kukune e pihi ana mai i ngā pūtau ōrite ira (ko te nuinga o ngā kukune i hangaia i te taiwhanga kāore e mahi i tēnei, nō reira kāore he hua ki te hanga i ngā tāruarua) me te whakauru i ngā ira witi. Ko ngā pūtau kukune, pērā i te agar, he matū rite ki te pūtini i tangohia mai i te rimurimu. Hei huri i te kukune hei rākau, i tāpirihia e ngā kairangahau te homoni tipu. Ka taea te whakanoho i ngā rau ipu kirihou āhua poraka me ngā rākau nati iti kāore he pakiaka ki runga i tētahi whata i raro i tētahi rama hiko kaha. Hei whakamutunga, i whakamahia e ngā kaipūtaiao te homoni pakiaka, i whakatō i ā rātou rākau taketake ki roto i ngā kohua kua whakakiia ki te oneone, ā, i whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi rūma tipu e whakahaerehia ana te pāmahana. Kāore i te miharo, kei te kino te āhua o ngā rākau i roto i te taiwhanga i waho. Nō reira, i honoa e ngā kairangahau ki ngā rākau mohoao hei whakaputa i ngā tauira pakeke engari he ātete tonu mō te whakamātautau mara.
I ngā raumati e rua kua pahure ake nei, i whakaaturia mai e Hannah Pilkey, he tauira paerua i te taiwhanga o Powell, me pēhea te mahi i tēnei. I whakatipuria e ia te harore e puta ai te mate kitakita i roto i tētahi rihi petri kirihou iti. I roto i tēnei āhua kati, he āhua pai te āhua o te mate karaka mā, ā, tata ataahua. He uaua ki te whakaaro koinei te take o te mate nui me te whakangaromanga.
I tuturi te karāpī i runga i te whenua ki runga i te whenua, i tohu i te wāhanga e rima mirimita o tētahi tipu iti, i tapahia tika e toru ngā tapahi ki te maripi, ā, i pania te mate ki te patunga. I hiritia e ia ki tētahi wahi kirihou. I mea ia: "He rite ki te whakapiripiri." Nā te mea he rākau "whakahaere" kore-ātete tēnei, e tumanako ana ia ka horapa tere te mate karaka mai i te wāhi i werohia ai, ā, i te mutunga ka karapoti i ngā kakau iti. I whakakitea mai e ia ki ahau ētahi rākau kei roto ngā ira witi kua rongoatia e ia i mua. Ko te mate he iti noa iho ki te tapahi, pērā i ngā ngutu karaka angiangi e tata ana ki te waha iti.
I te tau 2013, i pānuitia e Maynard rāua ko Powell tō rāua angitu i roto i te Rangahau Whakawhiti Ira Tangata: 109 tau i muri i te kitenga o te mate kanekane o Amerika, i hangaia e rāua he Rākau hei tiaki i a rāua anō, ahakoa ka whakaekea rātou e te nui o ngā harore e memenge ana. Hei whakanui i tā rāua kaituku tuatahi me te tino atawhai, i whakangaohia e ia te $250,000, ā, kua tapaina e ngā kairangahau ngā rākau ki tōna ingoa. Ko te ingoa o tēnei ko Darling 58.
I tū te hui ā-tau a te Upoko o Niu Ioka o te American Chestnut Foundation i roto i tētahi hōtēra iti i waho o New Paltz i tētahi Rāhoroi ua i te marama o Oketopa 2018. Tata ki te 50 tāngata i huihui. He hui pūtaiao tēnei, ā, he hui whakawhitiwhiti nati hoki. I muri o tētahi rūma hui iti, i whakawhitiwhiti ngā mema i ngā putea Ziploc kī tonu i ngā nati. Ko tēnei hui te wā tuatahi i roto i ngā tau 28 kāore a Darling rāua ko Maynard i tae atu. Nā ngā raruraru hauora rāua i kore ai e tae atu. "Kua roa mātou e mahi ana i tēnei, ā, tata ki ia tau ka noho puku mātou mō te hunga mate," te kōrero a Allen Nichols, te perehitini o te karapu, ki ahau. Ahakoa rā, kei te mau tonu te hihiri: kua pahure te rākau kua whakarerekētia ira i ngā tau maha o ngā whakamātautau haumaru me te whai huatanga uaua.
I whakamāramahia e ngā mema o te peka he kōrero taipitopito mō te āhua o ia rākau nati nui e noho ana i te Kāwanatanga o Niu Ioka. I whakamāramahia e Pilkey me ētahi atu tauira paerua te huarahi ki te kohikohi me te penapena hae, me pēhea te whakatipu nati i raro i ngā rama o roto, me pēhea te whakakī i te oneone ki te mate pāwera hei whakaroa i te ora o ngā rākau. Ko te hunga whai uma nati, he tokomaha o rātou ka whakapūpū i ā rātou ake rākau, ka pātai ki ngā kaipūtaiao taitamariki.
I whakatakotoria a Bowell ki te papa, e mau ana i te mea he kākahu kore mana mō tēnei upoko: he hāte kaki e kuhu ana ki roto i ngā tarau tiini. Ko tana whainga kotahi - he mahi toru tekau tau te roa i whakaritea i runga i te whāinga a Herb Darling ki te whakahoki mai i ngā nati - he mea onge i waenga i ngā kaipūtaiao mātauranga, e mahi rangahau ana i roto i te huringa putea e rima tau, kātahi ka tukuna ngā hua whai hua ki ētahi atu hei hokohoko. I kī mai a Don Leopold, he hoa mahi i te Tari Pūtaiao Taiao me te Ngāherehere o Powell, ki ahau: "He tino aro nui ia, he whai tikanga hoki." "Ka whakatakotoria e ia ngā ārai. Kāore ia e whakararuraruhia e te maha atu o ngā mea. I te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau, ka whakapā atu ngā kaiwhakahaere o te Whare Wānanga o te Kāwanatanga o New York (SUNY) ki a ia, ka tono kia tukuna he patent mō tana rākau kia whai hua ai te whare wānanga, engari i whakakahore a Powell. I mea ia he rite ngā rākau kua whakarerekētia te ira ki ngā nati taketake, ā, he mahi mā te tangata. Kei roto i tēnei rūma te iwi o Powell.
Engari i whakatūpato ia i a rātou: Whai muri i te wikitoria i te nuinga o ngā arai hangarau, tera pea ka tūtaki ngā rākau kua whakarerekētia te ira ki te wero nui rawa atu: te kāwanatanga o Amerika. I ētahi wiki kua pahure ake nei, i tukuna e Powell tētahi kōnae tata ki te 3,000 whārangi ki te Ratonga Tirotiro Hauora Kararehe me te Tipu o te Tari Ahuwhenua o Amerika, ko rātou te kawenga mō te whakaae i ngā tipu kua whakarerekētia te ira. Ka tīmata tēnei i te tukanga whakaae a te tari: arotake i te tono, tono urupare a te marea, whakaputa i tētahi tauākī pānga taiao, tono urupare anō a te marea, me te whakatau. Tērā pea ka roa pea tēnei mahi mō ētahi tau. Mēnā kāore he whakatau, tērā pea ka mutu te kaupapa. (Kāore anō kia whakatuwheratia te wā tuatahi mō ngā urupare a te marea.)
Kei te whakamahere ngā kairangahau ki te tuku atu i ētahi atu pitihana ki te Whakahaere Kai me te Rongoā kia taea ai e rātou te tirotiro i te haumaru kai o ngā nati kua whakarerekētia te ira, ā, ka arotakehia e te Tari Tiaki Taiao te pānga taiao o tēnei rākau i raro i te Ture Patupatu Pepeke ā-Motu, e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tipu katoa kua whakarerekētia te ira o te koiora. "He uaua ake tēnei i te pūtaiao!" te kī a tētahi i roto i te hunga whakarongo.
"Āe." I whakaae a Powell. "He mea whakamere te pūtaiao. He mea whakarihariha." (I muri mai ka mea mai ia ki ahau: "He nui rawa te tirotiro a ngā tari rerekē e toru. Ka tino whakamate i te auahatanga ki te tiaki taiao.")
Hei whakaatu i te haumaru o tā rātou rākau, i whakahaerehia e te tīma a Powell ngā whakamātautau maha. I whāngaihia e rātou te oxalate oxidase ki te hae o ngā pī. I inehia e rātou te tipu o ngā harore whai hua i roto i te oneone. I waiho e rātou ngā rau ki roto i te wai, ā, i tirotirohia tō rātou awe ki te t. Kāore i kitea he pānga kino i roto i tētahi o ngā rangahau - inaa, he pai ake te mahi a te kai kua whakarerekētia te ira i ngā rau o ētahi rākau kāore i whakarerekētia. I tukuna e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā nati ki te Oak Ridge National Laboratory me ētahi atu taiwhanga i Tennessee hei tātari, ā, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga ki ngā nati i hangaia e ngā rākau kāore i whakarerekētia.
Tērā pea ka whakamarietia ngā kaiwhakahaere e ēnei hua. Kāore pea e tino whakamarietia ngā kaiwhakahē e whakahē ana i ngā GMO. I whakarato kore utu a John Dougherty, he kaipūtaiao reti nō Monsanto, i ngā ratonga kōrero ki a Powell. I tapaina e ia ēnei kaiwhakahē ko te "kaitūkino". Mō ngā tekau tau, kua whakatūpato ngā whakahaere taiao ko te neke i ngā ira i waenga i ngā momo whanaunga tawhiti ka pā he hua kāore i te whakaarohia, pērā i te hanga i tētahi "tarutaru tino nui" e hipa ana i ngā tipu tūturu, te whakauru rānei i ngā ira ke ka pā ki te kaihautū Te tūponotanga o ngā whakarerekētanga kino i roto i te DNA o te momo. E āwangawanga ana hoki rātou kei te whakamahi ngā kamupene i te hangarau ira hei whiwhi pateni me te whakahaere i ngā rauropi.
I tēnei wā, i kī a Powell kāore ia i whiwhi moni tika mai i ngā puna ahumahi, ā, i tohe ia kāore te koha moni ki te taiwhanga i "herea." Heoi, i tohu a Brenda Jo McManama, te kaiwhakahaere o tētahi whakahaere e kiia nei ko te "Indigenous Environmental Network", i tētahi whakaaetanga i te tau 2010 i tukuna ai e Monsanto ki te Chestnut Foundation me tana tari hoa mahi o New York. E rua ngā mana pateni whakarerekētanga ira. (I kī a Powell ko ngā takoha a te ahumahi, tae atu ki a Monsanto, he iti iho i te 4% o tana whakapaipai mahi katoa.) E whakapae ana a McManama kei te rapu puku a Monsanto (i riro mai i a Bayer i te tau 2018) ki te tiki mana pateni mā te tautoko i te mea e ahua nei he putanga ā-muri o te rākau. Kaupapa kore-whaiaro. "He kino katoa a Monsan," tana kī pono.
I kī a Powell kua pau te mana pateni i roto i te whakaaetanga o te tau 2010, ā, mā te whakaatu i ngā taipitopito o tana rākau i roto i ngā tuhinga pūtaiao, kua whakarite ia kāore e taea te pateni i te rākau. Engari i kite ia kāore tēnei e whakakore i ngā āwangawanga katoa. I mea ia, "E mōhio ana ahau ka kī mai tetahi he mōunu noa koe mā Monsanto." "He aha tāu e taea ai? Kāore he mea e taea e koe."
E rima tau ki muri, i whakatau ngā kaiārahi o te American Chestnut Foundation kāore e taea e rātou te whakatutuki i ā rātou whāinga mā te whakakotahitanga ira anake, nō reira i whakaae rātou ki te kaupapa hangarau ira a Powell. Nā tēnei whakatau i puta ai ētahi whakahē. I te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2019, i rihaina te perehitini o te wāhanga o Massachusetts-Rhode Island o te Foundation, a Lois Breault-Melican, i runga i te tautohetohe a te Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), he whakahaere anti-irahiko kei Buffalo (Justice Ecology Project); i wehe atu hoki tana tāne a Denis Melican i te poari. I kōrero mai a Dennis ki ahau kei te tino āwangawanga te tokorua kei puta ko ngā nati a Powell he "hōiho Torotiana", nā tēnā i whakawātea te ara mō ētahi atu rākau arumoni kia whakanuia mā te hangarau ira.
Ko Susan Offutt, he tohunga ōhanga ahuwhenua, te heamana o te Komiti o te National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, i whakahaere rangahau mō te hangarau koiora o te ngahere i te tau 2018. I kī ia ko te tukanga whakahaere a te kāwanatanga e aro ana ki te take whāiti o ngā mōrearea koiora, ā, kāore rawa i whakaarohia ngā āwangawanga pāpori whānui, pērā i ngā mea i whakaarahia e ngā kaiwhakahē i te GMO. "He aha te uara tūturu o te ngahere?" i pātai ia, hei tauira o tētahi raruraru kāore i whakatauhia e te tukanga. "He painga anō ō ngā ngahere? He herenga matatika tā tātou ki te whakaaro ki tēnei i te wā e whakatau ana i ngā wawaotanga?"
Ko te nuinga o ngā kaipūtaiao kua kōrero ahau ki a rātou, kāore he take e manukanuka ai rātou mō ngā rākau a Powell, nā te mea kua pāngia te ngahere e ngā kino maha: te tope rakau, te keri maina, te whakawhanaketanga, me te tini o ngā pepeke me ngā mate e whakangaro ana i ngā rākau. I roto i ēnei, kua whakamātauhia te ngoikore o te nati hei hui whakatuwheratanga. "Kei te whakauru tonu mātou i ngā rauropi hou," te kī a Gary Lovett, he tohunga rauropi ngahere i te Cary Ecosystem Institute i Millbrook, New York. "He iti ake te pānga o ngā nati kua whakarerekētia te ira."
I haere tonu a Donald Waller, he tohunga taiao ngahere i reti mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Wisconsin-Madison i ngā rā tata nei. I mea mai ia ki ahau: "I tētahi taha, e whakaatu ana ahau i tētahi taurite i waenga i te mōrearea me te utu. I tētahi atu taha, kei te rapu tonu ahau i ngā mōrearea." Tērā pea ka tū tēnei rākau kua whakarerekētia te ira hei mōrearea ki te ngahere. He rerekē, "kei te kī tonu te whārangi i raro i te utu i te mangumangu." I mea ia ko te nati e ātete ana ki te memeha ka toa i tēnei ngahere e whawhaitia ana. Me tumanako te tangata. Me tohu te tangata."
He āhua marino tonu a Powell, engari tera pea ka whakakorikoria ia e te hunga whakahē i te hangarau ira. I mea ia: "Kāore ēnei i te mārama ki ahau." "Kāore i ahu mai i te pūtaiao." Ina hangaia e ngā miihini he motuka, he waea atamai rānei he pai ake, kāore he tangata e amuamu, nō reira e hiahia ana ia ki te mōhio he aha te he o ngā rākau kua hoahoatia pai ake. "He taputapu tēnei hei āwhina," te kī a Powell. "He aha koe i kī ai kāore e taea e tātou te whakamahi i tēnei taputapu? Ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i te tīwiri Phillips, engari kāore i te tīwiri noa, ā, ko te ritenga kē?"
I te tīmatanga o Oketopa 2018, i haere tahi māua ko Powell ki tētahi teihana mara mātotoru ki te tonga o Syracuse. I tumanako ia ka tipu haere te momo nati Amerika i te heke mai. Kua tata te takoto kau o te wāhi nei, ā, ko tētahi o ngā wāhi torutoru e whakaaetia ana kia tupu ngā rākau. Ko ngā māra paina me te rākau rētihi teitei, he hua nō tētahi kaupapa rangahau kua roa e whakarērea ana, e anga whakarawhiti ana, kia matara atu i te hau e pupuhi ana, ka puta he āhua whakamataku ki te rohe.
Kei te mahi kē a Andrew Newhouse, te kairangahau i te taiwhanga o Powell, i tētahi o ngā rākau pai rawa atu mā ngā kaipūtaiao, he rākau nati mohoao nō te tonga o Virginia. E 25 putu te teitei o te rākau, ā, e tupu ana i roto i tētahi māra nati kua whakaritea matapōkeretia e karapotia ana e tētahi taiapa tia 10 putu te teitei. I herea te putea kura ki ngā pito o ētahi manga o te rākau. I whakamārama a Newhouse i mau te putea kirihou o roto i te hae Darling 58 i tonoa e ngā kaipūtaiao i te marama o Hune, i te mea i pupuri te putea mata whakarewa o waho i ngā kiore kia kore e tipu ngā taratara. Kei raro i te tirotiro tino a te Tari Ahuwhenua o te Hononga o Amerika te whakatakotoranga katoa; i mua i te whakakorenga ture, me wehe te hae, ngā nati rānei mai i ngā rākau he ira kua tāpirihia ki roto i te taiapa, i roto rānei i te taiwhanga a te kairangahau.
I whakamahia e Newhouse ngā kutikuti tapahi ka taea te hoki ki ngā manga. I te kukume i te taura, ka whati te mata, ka taka te putea. Ka neke tere a Newhouse ki te manga putea e whai ake nei, ā, ka mahi anō i te mahi. Ka kohia e Powell ngā putea kua taka, ka whakatakotoria ki roto i tētahi putea para kirihou nui, pērā i te whakahaere i ngā rauemi koiora-kino.
I muri i te hokinga atu ki te taiwhanga, ka whakawāteahia e Newhouse rāua ko Hannah Pilkey ngā nati parauri, ā, ka tere te tango i ngā nati parauri mai i ngā taratara matomato. Ka āta tupato rāua kia kaua e uru ngā tataramoa ki te kiri, he tūponotanga mahi tēnei i roto i te rangahau nati. I mua, i pai rāua ki ngā nati utu nui katoa kua whakarerekētia te ira. I tēnei wā, he maha ā rāua nati: neke atu i te 1,000. "Kei te kanikani harikoa mātou katoa," te kī a Pirkey.
I taua ahiahi tonu, ka haria e Powell ngā nati ki te tari o Neil Patterson i te tomokanga. Ko te Rā o ngā Iwi Taketake (Te Rā o Columbus), ā, kua hoki mai a Patterson, te Kaiwhakahaere Tuarua o te Pokapū mō ngā Iwi Taketake me te Taiao o ESF, i te hauwhā o te kāmpus, i reira ia i ārahi ai i tētahi whakaaturanga kai taketake. Kei te tākaro rorohiko āna tamariki tokorua me tana irāmutu i roto i te tari. I tihoretia e te katoa ngā nati, ā, i kai. "He kākāriki tonu," te kī a Powell me te pouri.
He maha ngā mahi a te koha a Powell. Kei te tohatoha ia i ngā purapura, me te tumanako ka whakamahia te whatunga a Patterson ki te whakato nati ki ngā rohe hou, ka taea ai e rātou te whiwhi i te hae kua whakarerekētia te ira i roto i ētahi tau. I uru atu hoki ia ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nati.
I te wā i utua ai a Patterson e ESF i te tau 2014, i rongo ia kei te whakamātautau a Powell i ngā rākau i hangaia he ira, he torutoru noa ngā maero te tawhiti atu i te Rohe Noho o te Iwi o Onondaga. Kei roto i te ngahere te rākau whakamutunga, he torutoru maero ki te tonga o Syracuse. I kite a Patterson mēnā ka angitu te kaupapa, ka uru mai ngā ira ātete mate ki te whenua, ka whiti atu ki ngā nati e toe ana i reira, ā, ka huri te ngahere he mea nui ki te tuakiri o Onodaga. I rongo anō ia mō ngā āwangawanga e akiaki ana i ngā kaiwhakahau, tae atu ki ētahi mai i ngā hapori taketake, ki te whakahē i ngā rauropi ira kua whakarerekētia i ētahi atu wāhi. Hei tauira, i te tau 2015, i aukatia e te iwi Yurok ngā rahui GMO i Te Tai Tokerau o California nā te mea he āwangawanga mō te tūponotanga o te poke o āna hua me ngā hī ika hāmana.
"E mōhio ana ahau i pā tēnei ki a tātou i konei; me kōrero tāua," te kōrero a Patterson ki ahau. I te hui a te Tari Tiaki Taiao i te tau 2015 i tū ai a ESF, i tuku a Powell i tētahi whaikōrero kua tino whakaharatauhia ki ngā mema o ngā iwi taketake o New York. I muri i te whaikōrero, ka mahara a Patterson i kī ētahi o ngā kaiārahi: "Me whakato rākau tātou!" I ohorere a Patterson i tō rātou hihiri. I mea ia: "Kāore au i tumanako."
Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā kōrero i muri mai he tokoiti noa iho o rātou e maumahara ana ki te mahi a te rākau nati i roto i tōna ahurea tuku iho. I kīia e ngā rangahau a Patterson i muri mai i te wā e puta ana te raruraru pāpori me te whakangaromanga taiao i te wā kotahi, kei te whakatinanahia e te kāwanatanga o Amerika he mahere whakakore me te whakauru kaha, ā, kua tae mai te mate urutā. Pērā i te maha atu o ngā mea, kua ngaro te ahurea nati ā-rohe i te rohe. I kitea anō hoki e Patterson he rerekē ngā tirohanga mō te hangarau ira. Kei te hiahia nui a Alfie Jacques, te kaihanga rākau lacrosse a Onoda, ki te hanga rākau mai i te rākau nati, ā, e tautoko ana i te kaupapa. Ki tā ētahi he nui rawa te mōrearea, nō reira e whakahē ana i ngā rākau.
E mārama ana a Patterson ki ēnei tūnga e rua. Nō nā tata nei ia i kī mai ki ahau: "He rite ki te waea pūkoro me taku tamaiti." I tohu ia kei te hoki mai tana tamaiti i te kura nā te mate urutā coronavirus. "I tētahi rā i whakapau kaha ahau; kia mau tonu ai te whakapā atu ki a rātou, kei te ako rātou. I te rā e whai ake nei, me te mea nei, me whakakore atu aua mea." Engari i ngoikore tana whakahē i ngā tau o te kōrero ki a Powell. Kāore i roa kua pahure ake nei, i ako ia kāore ngā uri toharite o ngā rākau Darling e 58 e whai i ngā ira whakauru, ko te tikanga ka tipu tonu ngā nati taketake i roto i te ngahere. I kī a Patterson nā tēnei i whakakore tētahi raruraru nui.
I tā māua haerenga mai i te marama o Oketopa, i kōrero mai ia ki ahau ko te take i kore ai ia e tautoko katoa i te kaupapa a te GM he kore ia i te mōhio mēnā kei te aro a Powell ki te hunga e taunekeneke ana ki te rākau, ki te rākau rānei. "Kāore au i te mōhio he aha kei reira māna," te kī a Patterson, me te papaki i tōna uma. I mea ia mēnā ka taea te whakahoki mai i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tangata me te nati, ka tika ai kia whakahokia mai tēnei rākau.
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, i mea ia kei te whakaaro ia ki te whakamahi i ngā nati i hoatu e Powell ki a ia hei hanga pūtini nati me te hinu. Ka kawea mai e ia ēnei rihi ki te rohe o Onondaga, ā, ka tono atu ki te iwi kia kitea anō ō rātou reka tawhito. I mea ia: "Ko taku tumanako, he rite ki te mihi ki tētahi hoa tawhito. Me eke noa koe ki te pahi mai i te wāhi i mutu ai koe i te wā whakamutunga."
I whiwhi a Powell i tētahi koha $3.2 miriona mai i te Templeton World Charity Foundation i te marama o Hānuere, ā, mā tēnei ka taea e Powell te neke atu i a ia e whakatere ana i ngā tari whakahaere me te whakawhānui ake i tana arotahi rangahau mai i te ira ki te mooni o te whakatikatika whenua katoa. Mēnā ka manaakitia ia e te kāwanatanga, ka tīmata a Powell me ngā kaipūtaiao o te American Chestnut Foundation ki te tuku i a ia kia puāwai. Ka pupuhihia, ka paraihia rānei te hae me ōna ira tāpiri ki runga i ngā ipu tatari o ētahi atu rākau, ā, ka puta te mutunga o ngā nati kua whakarerekētia te ira i runga i te taiao whakamātautau e whakahaeretia ana. Ki te whakaaro ka taea te pupuri i te ira i roto i te mara me te taiwhanga, kāore tēnei i te tino mārama, ā, ka horapa ki roto i te ngahere - he wāhi taiao tēnei e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaipūtaiao engari e wehingia ana e ngā kaiwhakahē.
I muri i te whakangāwari o tētahi rākau nati, ka taea e koe te hoko i tētahi? Āe, e ai ki a Newhouse, koinā te mahere. Kua pātaihia ngā kairangahau i ia wiki āhea ngā rākau e wātea ana.
I te ao e noho ana a Powell, Newhouse me āna hoa mahi, he māmā noa te whakaaro kei te tatari te motu katoa mō tā rātou rākau. Heoi, ko te taraiwa poto ki te raki mai i te pāmu rangahau mā waenganui o Syracuse he whakamahara ki te nui o ngā huringa kua puta i roto i te taiao me te hapori mai i te ngaronga o ngā nati Amerika. Kei roto a Chestnut Heights Drive i tētahi tāone iti ki te raki o Syracuse. He tiriti noho noa iho me ngā ara waka whānui, ngā papa tarutaru ataahua, ā, i ētahi wā he rākau whakapaipai iti kua kapi i te papa o mua. . Kāore te kamupene rakau e hiahia ana ki te whakaora anō i ngā nati. Kua ngaro katoa te ōhanga ahuwhenua whai rawa i runga i ngā nati. Tata kore tetahi e tango ana i ngā nati ngohengohe me ngā nati reka mai i ngā nati tino pakeke. Ko te nuinga o te iwi kāore pea e mōhio kāore he mea e ngaro ana i roto i te ngahere.
I tū ahau, ā, i kai i tētahi tina pikiniki i te taha o te roto o Onondaga i raro i te marumaru o te rākau pungarehu ma nui. I pangia te rākau e ngā pepeke hina kakariki kanapa. Ka kite ahau i ngā kōhao i hangaia e ngā pepeke i roto i te kiri rakau. Ka tīmata te ngaro o ōna rau, ā, ka mate pea, ka hinga i muri i ētahi tau. Hei haere mai i tōku kāinga i Maryland, i peia e au ngā mano tini o ngā rākau pungarehu mate, me ngā manga marau tahanga e ara ake ana i te taha o te rori.
I Appalachia, kua waruhia e te kamupene ngā rākau mai i tētahi rohe nui ake o Bitlahua hei tiki waro i raro. E ōrite ana te ngākau o te whenua waro ki te ngākau o te whenua nati o mua. I mahi tahi te American Chestnut Foundation me ngā whakahaere i whakatō rākau ki ngā maina waro kua whakarērea, ā, kei te tipu haere ngā rākau nati i runga i ngā mano eka whenua i pāngia e te aituā. He wāhanga noa iho ēnei rākau o ngā momo ranu e ātete ana ki te mate huakita, engari tera pea ka noho hei tauira mō tētahi whakatupuranga hou o ngā rākau ka taea te whakataetae ki ngā nunui o te ngahere tawhito i tētahi rā.
I te marama o Mei kua taha ake nei, ko te kukū o te hauhā waro i te āhuarangi i eke ki te 414.8 wāhanga ia miriona mō te wā tuatahi. Pērā i ētahi atu rākau, ko te taumaha kore-wai o ngā nati Amerika he tata ki te haurua o te waro. He iti noa ngā mea ka taea e koe te whakatipu i runga i te whenua ka tere ake te mimiti i te waro mai i te rangi i te rākau nati e tipu haere ana. I runga i tēnei whakaaro, i kīia i roto i tētahi tuhinga i whakaputaina i roto i te Wall Street Journal i te tau kua taha ake nei, "Me whai pāmu nati anō tātou."