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He maha ngā pānga ā-tinana me ā-mate o te tinana tangata ki te hauwai whanariki (H2S). He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hauwai whanariki konutai (NaHS) hei taputapu rongoā hei aromatawai i ngā pānga o te H2S i roto i ngā whakamātautau koiora. Ahakoa he torutoru meneti noa iho te ngaronga o te H2S mai i ngā otinga NaHS, kua whakamahia ngā otinga NaHS hei matū tuku mō te H2S i roto i te wai inu i roto i ētahi rangahau kararehe. I tirotirohia e tēnei rangahau mēnā ka taea te noho pumau o te wai inu me te kukū NaHS o te 30 μM i whakaritea i roto i ngā pounamu kiore/kiore mō te 12–24 hāora pea, e ai ki ngā whakaaro o ētahi kaituhi. Whakaritea he otinga NaHS (30 μM) ki roto i te wai inu, ka ringihia tonu ki roto i ngā pounamu wai kiore/kiore. I kohia ngā tauira mai i te pito me te roto o te pounamu wai i te 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 me te 24 hāora hei ine i te ihirangi whanariki mā te whakamahi i te tikanga methylene blue. Hei tāpiritanga, i werohia ngā kiore toa me ngā kiore uha ki te NaHS (30 μM) mō ngā wiki e rua, ā, i inehia ngā kukū o te whanariki toto i ia rā tuarua i te wiki tuatahi me te mutunga o te wiki tuarua. Kāore i te pumau te otinga NaHS i roto i te tauira i tangohia mai i te pito o te pounamu wai; i heke iho mā te 72% me te 75% i muri i ngā haora 12 me te 24. I roto i ngā tauira i tangohia mai i roto i ngā pounamu wai, kāore i tino kitea te hekenga o te NaHS i roto i ngā haora 2; heoi, i heke iho mā te 47% me te 72% i muri i ngā haora 12 me te 24. Kāore te werohanga NaHS i pā ki te taumata whanariki toto o ngā kiore toa me ngā kiore uha. Hei whakamutunga, kaua ngā otinga NaHS i hangaia mai i te wai inu e whakamahia hei koha H2S nā te mea he kore pumau te otinga. Mā tēnei huarahi whakahaere ka kitea ngā kararehe ki ngā rahinga NaHS kāore i te ōrite, he iti iho i te mea i whakaarohia.
Kua whakamahia te hauwai whanariki (H2S) hei paitini mai i te tau 1700; heoi, i whakaahuahia tōna tūranga pea hei ngota tohu koiora taketake e Abe rāua ko Kimura i te tau 1996. I roto i ngā tekau tau e toru kua pahure ake nei, he maha ngā mahi a te H2S i roto i ngā pūnaha tangata, ā, i ārahi ki te mōhiotanga he maha ngā tono haumanu a ngā ngota kaituku H2S ki te rongoā, ki te whakahaere rānei i ētahi mate; tirohia a Chirino et al. mō tētahi arotake tata nei.
Kua whakamahia whānuitia te konutai hauwai-sulfide (NaHS) hei taputapu rongoā hei aromatawai i ngā pānga o te H2S i roto i ngā rangahau ahurea pūtau me ngā kararehe maha5,6,7,8. Heoi, ehara te NaHS i te kaituku H2S tino pai nā te mea ka tere te huri ki te H2S/HS- i roto i te wairewa, ka ngāwari te poke ki ngā polysulfides, ā, ka ngāwari te waikura me te whakapūpū4,9. I roto i ngā whakamātautau koiora maha, ka rewa te NaHS ki te wai, ka hua ake te whakapūpū kore mahi me te ngaronga o te H2S10,11,12, te waikura tūpono o te H2S11,12,13, me te photolysis14. Ka tere te ngaro o te whanariki i roto i te wairewa taketake nā te whakapūpū o te H2S11. I roto i te ipu tuwhera, ko te haurua-ora (t1/2) o te H2S he 5 meneti pea, ā, ka heke tōna kukū mā te 13% ia meneti10. Ahakoa he torutoru meneti noa iho te ngaronga o te hauwai whanariki mai i ngā wairewa NaHS, kua whakamahia e ētahi rangahau kararehe ngā wairewa NaHS hei puna hauwai whanariki i roto i te wai inu mō te 1–21 wiki, me te whakakapi i te wairewa kei roto te NaHS i ia 12–24 hāora.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Kāore tēnei mahi i te rite ki ngā mātāpono o te rangahau pūtaiao, nā te mea me hangai ngā horopeta rongoā ki tō rātou whakamahinga i roto i ētahi atu momo, inā koa te tangata.27
Ko te whāinga o ngā rangahau haumanu-mua i roto i te koiora-rongoā he whakapai ake i te kounga o te tiaki tūroro, o ngā putanga maimoatanga rānei. Heoi, kāore anō kia whakamaoritia ngā hua o te nuinga o ngā rangahau kararehe ki te tangata28,29,30. Ko tētahi o ngā take mō tēnei korenga whakamaoritanga ko te kore aro ki te kounga tikanga o ngā rangahau kararehe30. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he tirotiro mēnā ka taea e ngā otinga NaHS 30 μM i whakaritea i roto i ngā pounamu wai kiore/kiore te noho pumau i roto i te wai inu mō te 12–24 hāora, e ai ki te kī, ki te whakaaro rānei i roto i ētahi rangahau.
I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau katoa o tēnei rangahau i runga anō i ngā aratohu kua whakaputaina mō te tiaki me te whakamahi i ngā kararehe taiwhanga i Īrāna31. I whai hoki ngā pūrongo whakamātautau katoa o tēnei rangahau i ngā aratohu ARRIVE32. I whakaaetia e te Komiti Matatika o te Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ngā tikanga whakamātautau katoa o tēnei rangahau.
I hokona te konutea acetate dihydrate (CAS: 5970-45-6) me te konutai ferric anhydrous (CAS: 7705-08-0) mai i Biochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, France). I hokona te konutai hydrosulfide hydrate (CAS: 207683-19-0) me te N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) mai i Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). I ​​hokona te isoflurane mai i Piramal (Bethlehem, PA, USA). I ​​hokona te waikawa hauwaiora (HCl) mai i Merck (Darmstadt, Tiamana).
Whakaritea he otinga NaHS (30 μM) ki roto i te wai inu, ka ringihia tonutia ki roto i ngā pounamu wai mō te kiore/kiore. I whiriwhiria tēnei kukū i runga i ngā tuhinga maha e whakamahi ana i te NaHS hei pūtake o te H2S; tirohia te wāhanga Kōrero. He ngota wai te NaHS ka taea te whakauru i ngā rahinga wai wai rerekē (arā, NaHS•xH2O); e ai ki te kaihanga, ko te ōrau o te NaHS i whakamahia i roto i tā mātou rangahau he 70.7% (arā, NaHS•1.3 H2O), ā, i whakaarohia tēnei uara i roto i ā mātou tātaitanga, i whakamahia ai e mātou he taumaha ngota o te 56.06 g/mol, koinei te taumaha ngota o te NaHS kore wai. Ko te wai wai wai (e kiia ana ko te wai tioata) ko ngā ngota wai e hanga ana i te hanganga tioata33. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te āhua wera o ngā hydrates ki ngā anhydrates34.
I mua i te tāpiri i te NaHS ki te wai inu, inehia te pH me te pāmahana o te whakarewa. Ringihia tonutia te otinga NaHS ki roto i te pounamu wai mō te kiore/kiore i roto i te whare kararehe. I kohia ngā tauira mai i te pito me te roto o te pounamu wai i te 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, me te 24 hāora hei ine i te ihirangi whanariki. I tangohia tonutia ngā inenga whanariki i muri i ia tauira. I tangohia e mātou ngā tauira mai i te pito o te ngongo nā te mea kua whakaatuhia e ētahi rangahau ka taea e te iti o te pūwero o te ngongo wai te whakaiti i te mimiti o te H2S15,19. Te āhua nei ka pā tēnei take ki te otinga i roto i te pounamu. Heoi, kāore i pērā mō te otinga i te kaki o te pounamu wai, he nui ake te tere mimiti, ā, he waikura-aunoa; inaa, i inu tuatahi ngā kararehe i tēnei wai.
I whakamahia ngā kiore Wistar tāne me te kiore uwha i roto i te rangahau. I whakanohoia ngā kiore ki roto i ngā whare herehere polypropylene (2–3 kiore mō ia whare herehere) i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa (mahana 21–26 °C, haumākū 32–40%) me te 12 hāora o te mārama (7 i te ata ki te 7 i te ahiahi) me te 12 hāora o te pōuri (7 i te ahiahi ki te 7 i te ata). I wātea te urunga atu o ngā kiore ki te wai puna, ā, i whāngaihia ki te kai paerewa (Khorak Dam Pars Company, Tehran, Iran). Ko ngā kiore uwha (6 marama) ōrite te pakeke (n=10, taumaha tinana: 190–230 g) me ngā kiore Wistar tāne (n=10, taumaha tinana: 320–370 g) i wehea matapōkeretia ki ngā rōpū whakahaere me ngā rōpū NaHS (30 μM) i rongoatia (n=5 mō ia rōpū). Hei whakatau i te rahi o te tauira, i whakamahia e mātou te huarahi KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid), e whakakotahi ana i ngā wheako o mua me te tātaritanga mana35. I te tuatahi i whakahaerehia e mātou he rangahau whakamātautau ki runga i te 3 kiore, ā, i whakatauhia te taumata toharite o te whanariki katoa o te toto me te paerewa rerekētanga (8.1 ± 0.81 μM). Kātahi, i te whakaaro ki te mana 80% me te whakaaro ki te taumata hiranga 5% taha-rua, i whakatauhia e mātou he rahi tauira tuatahi (n = 5 i runga i ngā tuhinga o mua) e rite ana ki te rahi pānga paerewa o te 2.02 me te uara kua tautuhia i mua i whakaarohia e Festing mō te tatau i te rahi tauira o ngā kararehe whakamātautau35. Whai muri i te whakarea i tēnei uara ki te SD (2.02 × 0.81), ko te rahi pānga ka kitea i matapaetia (1.6 μM) he 20%, he mea e whakaaetia ana. Ko te tikanga o tēnei he nui te n = 5/rōpū hei kite i te huringa toharite 20% i waenga i ngā rōpū. I wehea matapōkeretia ngā kiore ki ngā rōpū mana whakahaere me ngā rōpū i rongoatia ki te NaSH mā te whakamahi i te mahi matapōkere o te pūmanawa Excel 36 (Pikitia Tāpiri 1). I mahia te matapo i te taumata putanga, ā, kāore ngā kairangahau i mahi i ngā inenga matū koiora i te mōhio ki ngā tohatoha rōpū.
I rongoatia ngā rōpū NaHS o ngā ira e rua ki te 30 μM otinga NaHS i whakaritea ki te wai inu mō ngā wiki e 2; I tukuna he otinga hou i ia 24 hāora, ā, i taua wā ka inehia te taumaha o te tinana. I kohia ngā tauira toto mai i ngā pito hiku o ngā kiore katoa i raro i te isoflurane i ia rā i te mutunga o ngā wiki tuatahi me te tuarua. I whakatōngia ngā tauira toto ki te 3000 karamu mō te 10 meneti, i wehea te toto, ā, i rongoatia ki te –80°C hei ine i muri mai i te urea toto, te creatinine (Cr), me te sulfide katoa. I whakatauhia te urea toto mā te tikanga urease enzymatic, ā, i whakatauhia te creatinine toto mā te tikanga Jaffe photometric mā te whakamahi i ngā kete hokohoko (Man Company, Tehran, Iran) me te tātari aunoa (Selectra E, tau raupapa 0-2124, Netherlands). Ko ngā tauwehenga rerekētanga intra- me interassay mō te urea me te Cr he iti iho i te 2.5%.
Ko te tikanga methylene blue (MB) e whakamahia ana hei ine i te katoa o te sulfide i roto i te wai inu me te serum kei roto ko te NaHS; ko te MB te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te ine i te sulfide i roto i ngā otinga papatipu me ngā tauira koiora11,37. Ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga MB hei whakatau tata i te puna sulfide katoa38 me te ine i ngā sulfide inorganic i roto i te ahua o te H2S, HS- me te S2 i roto i te wāhanga wai39. I roto i tēnei tikanga, ka whakapūtāhia te whanariki hei zinc sulfide (ZnS) i te aroaro o te zinc acetate11,38. Ko te whakapūtātanga zinc acetate te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te wehewehe i ngā sulfide mai i ētahi atu chromophores11. I whakarewahia anō te ZnS mā te whakamahi i te HCl11 i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa kaha. Ka tauhohe te sulfide ki te DMPD i roto i te ōwehenga stoichiometric o te 1:2 i roto i te tauhohenga i whakakorikoria e te ferric chloride (ka mahi a Fe3+ hei kaihoko waikura) hei hanga i te tae MB, ka kitea mā te spectrophotometric i te 670 nm40,41. Ko te rohe kitenga o te tikanga MB he tata ki te 1 μM11.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i tāpirihia he 100 μL o ia tauira (wairewa, toto rānei) ki roto i tētahi ngongo; kātahi ka tāpirihia he 200 μL o te konutea acetate (1% w/v i roto i te wai whakapūkara), he 100 μL o te DMPD (20 mM i roto i te 7.2 M HCl), me te 133 μL o te FeCl3 (30 mM i roto i te 1.2 M HCl). I whaowhia te ranunga ki te 37°C i roto i te pōuri mō te 30 meneti. I whakatōngia te otinga ki te 10,000 g mō te 10 meneti, ā, i pānuihia te mimiti o te wai i te 670 nm mā te whakamahi i tētahi kaipānui pereti iti (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA). I ​​whakatauhia ngā kukū whanariki mā te whakamahi i tētahi kōpiko whakatikatika o te NaHS (0–100 μM) i roto i te ddH2O (Pikitia Tāpiri 2). Ko ngā otinga katoa i whakamahia mō ngā inenga i whakaritea houtia. Ko ngā tauwehenga rerekētanga ā-roto me ā-whakamātautau mō ngā inenga sulfide he 2.8% me te 3.4%, ia. I whakatauhia hoki e mātou te katoa o te sulfide i kohia mai i ngā tauira wai inu me te toto kei roto te konutai thiosulfate mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tauira whakakaha42. Ko ngā whakaoranga mō ngā tauira wai inu me te toto kei roto te konutai thiosulfate he 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) me te 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6), ia.
I whakahaerehia te tātari tatauranga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa GraphPad Prism putanga 8.0.2 mō Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, www.graphpad.com). I whakamahia he whakamātautau-t takirua hei whakataurite i te pāmahana me te pH o te wai inu i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te tāpiritanga o te NaHS. I tatauhia te ngaronga o te H2S i roto i te otinga kei roto te NaHS hei ōrau hekenga mai i te tangohanga taketake, ā, hei aromatawai mēnā he nui te ngaronga i te tatauranga, i whakahaerehia e mātou he ANOVA ine-whakahou kotahi-ara, ā, i whai muri ko te whakamātautau whakataurite maha a Dunnett. I whakaritea te taumaha tinana, te urea toto, te creatinine toto, me te sulfide toto katoa i roto i te wā i waenga i ngā kiore mana whakahaere me ngā kiore i rongoatia ki te NaHS o ngā ira rerekē mā te whakamahi i te ANOVA whakauru-rua (i waenganui-i roto) ā, i whai muri ko te whakamātautau Bonferroni post hoc. I kiia he nui te tatauranga o ngā uara P hiku-rua < 0.05.
Ko te pH o te wai inu he 7.60 ± 0.01 i mua i te tāpiritanga o te NaHS, ā, 7.71 ± 0.03 i muri i te tāpiritanga o te NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0029). Ko te pāmahana o te wai inu he 26.5 ± 0.2, ā, i heke ki te 26.2 ± 0.2 i muri i te tāpiritanga o te NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Whakapaia he 30 μM otinga NaHS ki roto i te wai inu, ka rongoa ki roto i tētahi pounamu wai. Kāore te otinga NaHS i te pumau, ā, ka heke tōna kukū i te roanga o te wā. I te tango tauira mai i te kaki o te pounamu wai, i kitea he hekenga nui (68.0%) i roto i te haora tuatahi, ā, i heke te nui o te NaHS i roto i te otinga mā te 72% me te 75% i muri i ngā haora 12 me te 24. I roto i ngā tauira i tangohia mai i ngā pounamu wai, kāore i tino nui te hekenga o te NaHS tae noa ki te 2 haora, engari i muri i ngā haora 12 me te 24 kua heke mā te 47% me te 72%. E whakaatu ana ēnei raraunga kua heke te ōrau o te NaHS i roto i te otinga 30 μM i takaia ki te wai inu ki te tata ki te hauwhā o te uara tīmatanga i muri i ngā haora 24, ahakoa te wāhi i tangohia ai te tauira (Pikitia 1).
Te pumau o te otinga NaHS (30 μM) i roto i te wai inu i roto i ngā pounamu kiore/kiore. I muri i te whakarite i te otinga, i tangohia ngā tauira mai i te pito me te roto o te pounamu wai. Ka whakaatuhia ngā raraunga hei toharite ± SD (n = 6/rōpū). * me te #, P < 0.05 ki te whakataurite ki te wā 0. E whakaatu ana te whakaahua o te pounamu wai i te pito (me te whakatuwheratanga) me te tinana o te pounamu. Ko te rōrahi o te pito he tata ki te 740 μL.
Ko te kukū o te NaHS i roto i te otinga 30 μM hou i whakaritea ko 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (awhe: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12). Heoi, i muri i te 24 hāora, ka heke te kukū o te NaHS ki tētahi uara iti iho (toharite: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). E ai ki te Pikitia 2, kāore i pumau ngā kukū o te NaHS i pāngia ai ngā kiore i te wā o te rangahau.
I tino piki ake te taumaha tinana o ngā kiore uha i roto i te wā (mai i te 205.2 ± 5.2 karamu ki te 213.8 ± 7.0 karamu i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, ā, mai i te 204.0 ± 8.6 karamu ki te 211.8 ± 7.5 karamu i roto i te rōpū i rongoatia ki te NaHS); heoi, kāore he pānga o te maimoatanga NaHS ki te taumaha tinana (Pikitia 3). I tino piki ake te taumaha tinana o ngā kiore tane i roto i te wā (mai i te 338.6 ± 8.3 karamu ki te 352.4 ± 6.0 karamu i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, ā, mai i te 352.4 ± 5.9 karamu ki te 363.2 ± 4.3 karamu i roto i te rōpū i rongoatia ki te NaHS); heoi, kāore he pānga o te maimoatanga NaHS ki te taumaha tinana (Pikitia 3).
Ngā panonitanga o te taumaha tinana i roto i ngā kiore uwha me ngā kiore tāne i muri i te whakahaerenga o te NaHS (30 μM). Ka whakaaturia ngā raraunga hei toharite ± SEM, ā, i whakaritea mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga rerekētanga whakauru-rua (i roto i waenganui) me te whakamātautau Bonferroni post hoc. n = 5 o ia ira tangata i roto i ia rōpū.
I roto i te rangahau, he rite tonu te kukū o te urea toto me te creatine phosphate i roto i ngā kiore mana whakahaere me ngā kiore i rongoatia ki te NaSH. Haunga tēnā, kāore te maimoatanga NaSH i pā ki ngā kukū o te urea toto me te creatinechrome (Ripanga 1).
He rite tonu ngā kukū o te whanariki katoa o te toto taketake i waenga i ngā kiore tāne (8.1 ± 0.5 μM vs. 9.3 ± 0.2 μM) me ngā kiore uwha (9.1 ± 1.0 μM vs. 6.1 ± 1.1 μM) i rongoatia ki te NaHS. Kāore he pānga o te whakahaeretanga o te NaHS mō ngā rā 14 ki ngā taumata whanariki katoa o te toto i roto i ngā kiore tāne, i ngā kiore uwha rānei (Pikitia 4).
Ngā panonitanga o ngā kukū whanariki katoa o te toto i roto i ngā kiore tāne me ngā kiore uwha i muri i te whakahaerenga o te NaHS (30 μM). Ka whakaaturia ngā raraunga hei toharite ± SEM, ā, i whakaritea mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātaritanga rerekētanga whakauru-rua (i roto-i roto) me te whakamātautau Bonferroni post hoc. Ia ira tangata, n = 5/rōpū.
Ko te whakatau matua o tēnei rangahau ko te wai inu kei roto ko te NaHS he mea kore pumau: tata ki te hauwhā o te katoa o te ihirangi sulfide tuatahi ka kitea i roto i ngā haora 24 i muri i te tango tauira mai i te pito me roto o ngā pounamu wai kiore/kiore. I tua atu, i pāngia ngā kiore e ngā kukū NaHS kore pumau nā te ngaronga o te H2S i roto i te otinga NaHS, ā, kāore te tāpiri o te NaHS ki te wai inu i pā ki te taumaha o te tinana, te urea toto me te creatine chromium, te katoa rānei o te sulfide toto.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, ko te tere o te ngaronga o te H2S mai i ngā otinga NaHS 30 μM i whakaritea ki te wai inu he tata ki te 3% ia hāora. I roto i tētahi otinga pūmau (100 μM konutai whanariki i roto i te 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4), i kīia kua heke te kukū whanariki mā te 7% i roto i te wā mō ngā hāora 811. I mua ake nei, kua tiakina e mātou te whakahaerenga NaHS i roto i te puku mā te pūrongo ko te tere o te ngaronga whanariki mai i tētahi otinga NaHS 54 μM i roto i te wai inu he tata ki te 2.3% ia hāora (4%/hāora i ngā hāora 12 tuatahi me te 1.4%/hāora i ngā hāora 12 whakamutunga i muri i te whakarite)8. I kitea e ngā rangahau o mua43 he ngaronga tonu o te H2S mai i ngā otinga NaHS, ko te nuinga nā te mimiti me te waikura. Ahakoa kāore he mirumiru i tāpirihia, ka tere te ngaro o te whanariki i roto i te otinga taketake nā te mimiti o te H2S11. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau i roto i te tukanga whakamomona, e 30–60 hēkona te roa, e 5–10% o te H2S ka ngaro i te mimiti6. Hei ārai i te mimiti o te H2S mai i te wairewa, he maha ngā mahi kua mahia e ngā kairangahau, tae atu ki te whakaoho mārie i te wairewa12, te hipoki i te wairewa taketake ki te kiriata kirihou6, me te whakaiti i te pānga o te wairewa ki te hau, nā te mea ko te tere o te mimiti o te H2S e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hononga o te hau-wai.13 Ko te waikura ohorere o te H2S ka puta te nuinga nā ngā katote whakarewa whakawhiti, inā koa ko te rino ferric, he poke i roto i te wai.13 Ko te waikura o te H2S ka hua ake te hanganga o ngā polysulfides (ngota whanariki e honoa ana e ngā hononga covalent)11. Hei karo i tōna waikura, ka whakaritea ngā otinga kei roto ko te H2S i roto i ngā whakarewa kore-hāora44,45, kātahi ka horoia ki te argon, ki te hauota rānei mō te 20–30 meneti hei whakarite i te kore-hāora.11,12,37,44,45,46 Ko te waikawa Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic (DTPA) he chelator whakarewa (10–4 M) e ārai ana i te waikura-ā-kore HS- i roto i ngā otinga aerobic. I te korenga o te DTPA, ko te tere waikura-ā-kore o te HS- he tata ki te 50% i roto i te 3 hāora i te 25°C37,47. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea ka whakakorikoria te waikura o te 1e-sulfide e te mārama ultraviolet, me penapena te otinga ki runga hukapapa me te tiaki mai i te mārama11.
E ai ki te Pikitia 5, ka wehea te NaHS hei Na+ me te HS-6 ina whakarewaina ki te wai; ka whakatauhia tēnei wehenga e te pK1 o te tauhohenga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, ko te T kei waenganui i te 5 ki te 30°C, ā, ka inehia i roto i ngā nekehanga Kelvin (K), K = °C + 273.1548. He teitei te pK2 o te HS- (pK2 = 19), nō reira i te pH < 96.49, kāore te S2- i hangaia, i hangaia rānei i roto i ngā rahinga iti rawa. He rerekē, ka mahi te HS- hei turanga, ā, ka tango i te H+ mai i te ngota H2O, ā, ka mahi te H2O hei waikawa, ā, ka hurihia hei H2S me te OH-.
Te hanganga o te hau H2S rewa i roto i te otinga NaHS (30 µM). aq, otinga wai; g, hau; l, wai. E whakaaro ana ngā tātaitanga katoa ko te pH wai = 7.0 me te pāmahana wai = 20 °C. I hangaia ki BioRender.com.
Ahakoa ngā taunakitanga e kī ana he pūmau ngā otinga NaHS, he maha ngā rangahau kararehe kua whakamahi i ngā otinga NaHS i roto i te wai inu hei matū tuku H2S15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 me ngā roanga wawaotanga mai i te 1 ki te 21 wiki (Ripanga 2). I roto i ēnei rangahau, i whakahoutia te otinga NaHS i ia 12 hāora, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 hāora, 24 hāora rānei, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 hāora. I whakaatuhia e ā mātou hua i pāngia ngā kiore e ngā kukū rongoā pūmau nā te ngaronga o te H2S mai i te otinga NaHS, ā, i tino rerekē te nui o te NaHS i roto i te wai inu a ngā kiore i roto i te 12, 24 hāora rānei (tirohia te Pikitia 2). E rua o ēnei rangahau i kōrero mai i noho pūmau tonu ngā taumata H2S i roto i te wai mō ngā haora 24, mō ngā haora 22 rānei, ā, 2–3% noa iho ngā ngaronga H2S i kitea mō ngā haora 12, engari kāore i whakaratohia he raraunga tautoko, he taipitopito ine rānei. E rua ngā rangahau kua whakaatu mai ka taea e te diameter iti o ngā pounamu wai te whakaiti i te mimiti o te H2S15,19. Heoi, i whakaatu mai ā mātou hua ka whakaroa noa iho pea tēnei i te ngaronga o te H2S mai i te pounamu wai mā te 2 hāora, kaua mā te 12–24 hāora. E kī ana ngā rangahau e rua kāore i rerekē te taumata NaHS i roto i te wai inu nā te mea kāore mātou i kite i te huringa tae i roto i te wai; nō reira, kāore i tino nui te waikura o te H2S e te hau19,20. He mea whakamiharo, ko tēnei tikanga whaiaro e aromatawai ana i te pumau o te NaHS i roto i te wai, kaua ki te ine i te huringa o tōna kukū i roto i te wā.
Ko te ngaronga o te H2S i roto i te wairewa NaHS e pā ana ki te pH me te pāmahana. E ai ki tā mātou rangahau, ko te whakarewanga o te NaHS ki te wai ka hua ake he wairewa kawakore50. Ina whakarewaina te NaHS ki te wai, ko te hanganga o te hau H2S rewa ka whakawhirinaki ki te uara pH6. Ko te iti iho o te pH o te wairewa, ko te nui ake o te ōwehenga o te NaHS kei roto hei ngota hau H2S, ā, ko te nui ake o te sulfide e ngaro ana mai i te wairewa wai11. Kāore tētahi o ēnei rangahau i kōrero mō te pH o te wai inu e whakamahia ana hei whakarewa mō te NaHS. E ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te WHO, e whakaaetia ana e te nuinga o ngā whenua, me noho te pH o te wai inu ki te awhe 6.5–8.551. I roto i tēnei awhe pH, ka piki ake te tere o te waikura ohorere o te H2S tata ki te tekau ngā wā13. Ko te whakarewanga o te NaHS ki te wai i roto i tēnei awhe pH ka hua ake he kukū hau H2S rewa o te 1 ki te 22.5 μM, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te aroturuki i te pH o te wai i mua i te whakarewanga o te NaHS. Hei tāpiritanga, ko te awhe pāmahana i kōrerotia i roto i te rangahau i runga ake nei (18–26 °C) ka hua ake he huringa o te kukū o te hau H2S rewa i roto i te otinga tata ki te 10%, nā te mea ka whakarerekētia te pK1 e ngā huringa pāmahana, ā, ka pā nui pea ngā huringa iti o te pK1 ki te kukū o te hau H2S rewa48. Hei tāpiritanga, ko te roa o te wā o ētahi rangahau (5 marama)22, e tumanakohia ana he nui te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, ka whakanui ake i tēnei raruraru.
I whakamahia e ngā rangahau katoa, engari kotahi21, te 30 μM o te wai NaHS ki roto i te wai inu. Hei whakamārama i te horopeta i whakamahia (arā, 30 μM), i tohu ētahi kaituhi ko te NaHS i roto i te wāhanga wai ka puta te kukū ōrite o te hau H2S, ā, ko te whānuitanga ā-tinana o te H2S he 10 ki te 100 μM, nō reira kei roto tēnei horopeta i te whānuitanga ā-tinana15,16. I whakamārama ētahi atu ka taea e te 30 μM NaHS te pupuri i te taumata H2S plasma i roto i te whānuitanga ā-tinana, arā, 5–300 μM19,20. Ka whakaarohia e mātou te kukū o te NaHS i roto i te wai o te 30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C), i whakamahia i roto i ētahi rangahau hei ako i ngā pānga o te H2S. Ka taea e tātou te tatau ko te kukū o te hau H2S rewa he 14.7 μM, arā, tata ki te 50% o te kukū NaHS tuatahi. He rite tēnei uara ki te uara i tatauhia e ētahi atu kaituhi i raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite13,48.
I roto i tā mātou rangahau, kāore te whakahaerenga NaHS i whakarerekē i te taumaha o te tinana; he rite tonu tēnei hua ki ngā hua o ētahi atu rangahau i roto i ngā kiore tāne22,23 me ngā kiore tāne18; Heoi, e rua ngā rangahau i kōrero i whakahokia mai e te NaSH te taumaha tinana kua heke i roto i ngā kiore i tangohia te toto24,26, engari kāore ētahi atu rangahau i kōrero mō te pānga o te whakahaerenga NaSH ki te taumaha o te tinana15,16,17,19,20,21,25. I tua atu, i roto i tā mātou rangahau, kāore te whakahaerenga NaSH i pā ki ngā taumata urea me te creatine chromium i roto i te toto, he rite tonu ki ngā hua o tētahi atu pūrongo25.
I kitea i roto i te rangahau kāore te tāpiritanga o te NaHS ki te wai inu mō ngā wiki e rua i pā ki te katoa o ngā kukū sulfide toto i roto i ngā kiore tāne me ngā kiore uwha. He rite tonu tēnei kitenga ki ngā hua o Sen et al. (16): 8 wiki o te maimoatanga me te 30 μM NaHS i roto i te wai inu kāore i pā ki ngā taumata sulfide plasma i roto i ngā kiore whakahaere; heoi, i kōrero rātou nā tēnei wawaotanga i whakahoki mai te hekenga o ngā taumata H2S i roto i te plasma o ngā kiore i tangohia te nephrectomized. I kōrero anō hoki a Li et al. (22) nā te maimoatanga me te 30 μM NaHS i roto i te wai inu mō ngā marama e rima i piki ake ai ngā taumata sulfide kore utu plasma i roto i ngā kiore pakeke mā te 26%. Kāore anō ētahi atu rangahau i kōrero mō ngā huringa o te sulfide e rere ana i muri i te tāpiritanga o te NaHS ki te wai inu.
E whitu ngā rangahau i kōrero mō te whakamahi i te Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 engari kāore i whakarato i ētahi atu taipitopito mō te wai whakapūmau, ā, e rima ngā rangahau kāore i whakahua i te pūtake o te NaHS i whakamahia i roto i ā rātou tikanga whakarite17,18,24,25,26. He ngota whakapūmau te NaHS, ā, ka rerekē te nui o te wai whakapūmau, ka pā ki te nui o te NaHS e hiahiatia ana hei whakarite i tētahi otinga o tētahi molarity. Hei tauira, ko te nui o te NaHS i roto i tā mātou rangahau ko NaHS•1.3 H2O. Nō reira, ko ngā kukū NaHS tuturu i roto i ēnei rangahau he iti iho pea i ērā i kōrerotia.
"Me pēhea te whai pānga roa o tētahi matū poto nei?" I pātai a Pozgay me ētahi atu i tēnei pātai i a rātou e aromatawai ana i ngā pānga o te NaHS ki te mate puku i roto i ngā kiore. Ko tā rātou e tumanako ana ka taea e ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei te whakautu i tēnei pātai, me te whakapae pea kei roto i ngā otinga NaHS he polysulfides pumau ake hei tāpiri atu ki te H2S me ngā disulfides e ārahi ana i te pānga o te NaHS21. Ko tētahi atu pea ko te iti rawa o ngā kukū NaHS e toe ana i roto i te otinga ka whai pānga pai anō hoki. Inaa, i whakarato a Olson me ētahi atu i ngā taunakitanga kāore ngā taumata micromolar o te H2S i roto i te toto i te mea ā-tinana, ā, me noho ki te awhe nanomolar, me ngaro katoa rānei13. Ka mahi pea te H2S mā te whakapūmua pūmua, he whakarerekētanga whakahurihuri i muri i te whakamaoritanga e pā ana ki te mahi, te pumau, me te wāhi o te maha o ngā pūmua52,53,54. Inaa, i raro i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, tata ki te 10% ki te 25% o te maha o ngā pūmua ate kua whakapūmuahia53. E whakaae ana ngā rangahau e rua ki te tere o te whakangaromanga o te NaHS19,23 engari he mea miharo te kī "i whakahaerehia e mātou te kukū o te NaHS i roto i te wai inu mā te whakakapi i ia rā."23 I kī pōhēhē tētahi rangahau "Ko te NaHS he kaituku H2S paerewa, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te mahi haumanu hei whakakapi i te H2S tonu."18
E whakaatu ana te kōrero i runga ake nei ka ngaro te NaHS mai i te wairewa mā te whakapūpū, te waikura me te photolysis, nō reira ka tukuna ētahi whakaaro hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te H2S mai i te wairewa. Tuatahi, ko te mimiti o te H2S e whakawhirinaki ana ki te atanga hau-wai13 me te pH o te wairewa11; nō reira, hei whakaiti i te ngaronga mimiti, ka taea te whakaiti i te kaki o te pounamu wai kia rite ki te whakaahuatanga o mua15,19, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te pH o te wai ki te rohe o runga e whakaaetia ana (arā, 6.5–8.551) hei whakaiti i te ngaronga mimiti11. Tuarua, ka puta te mimiti ohorere o te H2S nā ngā pānga o te hāora me te noho mai o ngā katote konganuku whakawhiti i roto i te wai inu13, nō reira ko te tango hāora o te wai inu me te argon, te hauota rānei44,45 me te whakamahinga o ngā chelator konganuku37,47 ka taea te whakaiti i te mimiti o ngā sulfides. Tuatoru, hei ārai i te pirau whakaahua o te H2S, ka taea te takai i ngā pounamu wai ki te pepa konumohe; Ka pā anō hoki tēnei mahi ki ngā rauemi e aro ana ki te māramatanga pērā i te streptozotocin55. Hei whakamutunga, ka taea te tuku i ngā tote whanariki kore-waro (NaHS, Na2S, me te CaS) mā te whakamahi i te gavage, kaua ki te wai inu, e ai ki ngā pūrongo o mua56,57,58; kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he pai te mimiti me te tohatoha o te konutai whanariki i tukuna mā te gavage ki ngā kiore ki ngā kiko katoa59. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau kua tuku i ngā tote whanariki kore-waro ki roto i te puku; heoi, he onge te whakamahinga o tēnei huarahi i roto i ngā taiao haumanu60. I tētahi atu taha, ko te huarahi ā-waha te huarahi tuku tino noa me te pai ki te tangata61. Nō reira, ka tūtohu mātou kia aromatawaihia ngā pānga o ngā kaituku H2S ki ngā kiore mā te whakamahi i te gavage ā-waha.
Ko tētahi herenga ko tā mātou ine i te whanariki i roto i te wairewa me te toto mā te whakamahi i te tikanga MB. Ko ngā tikanga mō te ine i te whanariki ko te titration iodine, te spectrophotometry, te tikanga hikohiko (potentiometry, amperometry, tikanga coulometric me te tikanga amperometric) me te chromatography (chromatography hau me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei), ko te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tikanga spectrophotometric MB62. Ko tētahi herenga o te tikanga MB mō te ine i te H2S i roto i ngā tauira koiora ko tana ine i ngā matū katoa kei roto te whanariki, ehara i te H2S63 kore utu nā te mea ka mahia i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa, ka hua ake te tangohanga o te whanariki mai i te pūtake koiora64. Heoi, e ai ki te American Public Health Association, ko te MB te tikanga paerewa mō te ine i te whanariki i roto i te wai65. Nō reira, kāore tēnei herenga e pā ki ā mātou hua matua mō te kore pumau o ngā wairewa kei roto te NaHS. I tua atu, i roto i tā mātou rangahau, ko te whakaoranga o ngā inenga whanariki i roto i te wai me ngā tauira toto kei roto te NaHS he 91% me te 93%, ia. E hangai ana ēnei uara ki ngā awhe kua pūrongohia i mua (77–92)66, e tohu ana i te tika o te tātaritanga42. He mea tika kia mōhiotia i whakamahia e mātou ngā kiore toa me ngā kiore uha i runga anō i ngā aratohu a te National Institutes of Health (NIH) kia kore ai e whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā rangahau kararehe toa anake i roto i ngā rangahau haumanu-mua67 me te whakauru i ngā kiore toa me ngā kiore uha i ngā wā katoa e taea ai68. Kua whakanuia tēnei kōrero e ētahi atu69,70,71.
Hei whakamutunga, e whakaatu ana ngā hua o tēnei rangahau kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā otinga NaHS i hangaia mai i te wai inu hei whakaputa H2S nā te mea he koretake. Mā tēnei huarahi whakahaere ka tūpono ngā kararehe ki ngā taumata NaHS kāore i te pumau, he iti iho i te mea e tumanakohia ana; nō reira, kāore pea ēnei kitenga e tika mō te tangata.
Kei te wātea mai i te kaituhi e pā ana ngā huinga raraunga i whakamahia, i tātarihia rānei i te wā o te rangahau o nāianei, mēnā he tono tika.
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