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Ngā kiriata e whakaatu ana i ngā tuhinga e toru mō ia kiriata. Whakamahia ngā pātene hoki me ngā pātene panuku hei neke i roto i ngā kiriata, ngā pātene whakahaere kiriata rānei kei te mutunga hei neke i roto i ia kiriata.
He tūmomo mōrearea te parahanga Cadmium (Cd) ki te whakatipu i te tipu rongoā Panax notoginseng i te Porowini o Yunnan. I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te ahotea Cd o waho, i whakahaerehia he whakamātautau mara hei mārama ki te pānga o te paninga raima (0.750, 2250 me te 3750 kg bm-2) me te rehu waikawa oxalic (0, 0.1 me te 0.2 mol l-1) ki te kohikohinga Cd. me te mahi antioxidant Ngā wāhanga pūnaha me ngā wāhanga rongoā e pā ana ki te Panax notoginseng. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ka taea e te rehu raima tere me te rau ki te waikawa oxalic te whakanui ake i ngā taumata Ca2+ i roto i te Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea Cd me te whakaiti i te paitini Cd2+. Ko te tāpiri o te raima me te waikawa oxalic i whakanui ake i te mahi a ngā whākōkī antioxidant me te whakarerekē i te pākia o ngā osmoregulators. Ko te mahi CAT i tino piki ake, i piki ake i te 2.77 ngā wā. Ko te mahi teitei rawa atu o te SOD i piki ake i te 1.78 ngā wā i te wā i rongoatia ai ki te waikawa oxalic. I heke te ihirangi o te MDA i te 58.38%. He hononga tino nui kei waenganui i te huka wairewa, te waikawa amino kore utu, te proline, me te pūmua wairewa. Ka taea e te raima me te waikawa oxalic te whakanui ake i ngā katote konupūmā (Ca2+), te whakaiti i te Cd, te whakapai ake i te manawanui ki te ahotea i roto i te Panax notoginseng, me te whakanui ake i te katoa o ngā saponin me te hanga flavonoid. Ko te ihirangi o te Cd te mea iti rawa, 68.57% te iti iho i te mana whakahaere, e rite ana ki te uara paerewa (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Ko te ōwehenga o te SPN he 7.73%, i eke ki te taumata teitei rawa o ia maimoatanga, ā, i piki ake te ihirangi o ngā flavonoid mā te 21.74%, i eke ki te uara paerewa rongoā me te hua pai rawa atu.
Ko te Cadmium (Cd), he poke noa i roto i te oneone kua whakatōkia, ka tere te heke, ā, he nui te paitini koiora1. I kōrero a El Shafei me ētahi atu 2, ka pā te paitini Cd ki te kounga me te hua o ngā tipu e whakamahia ana. I ngā tau tata nei, kua tino kino te āhuatanga o te nui rawa o te cadmium i roto i te oneone o te whenua kua whakatōkia i te tonga-mā-uru o Haina. Ko te Porowini o Yunnan te rangatiratanga koiora o Haina, ā, ko ngā momo tipu rongoā te tuatahi i roto i te whenua. Heoi, ko ngā rauemi kohuke whai rawa o te Porowini o Yunnan ka arahi tonu ki te poke o te oneone i te wa o te tukanga keri, ka pā ki te hanga o ngā tipu rongoā o te rohe.
He tipu rongoā otaota ā-tau tino nui te Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 nō te puninga Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Ka whakatairanga te pakiaka Panax notoginseng i te rere o te toto, ka whakakore i te toto e noho pūmau ana, ā, ka whakamamae i te mamae. Ko te wāhi whakaputa matua ko Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province 5. Neke atu i te 75% o te oneone i te wāhi whakato o Panax notoginseng i kitea te poke o te Cd, ā, neke atu i te 81-100% i ngā wāhi rerekē6. Ka tino whakaitihia hoki e te pānga paitini o te Cd te whakaputanga o ngā wāhanga rongoā o Panax notoginseng, inā koa ko ngā saponin me ngā flavonoid. Ko ngā saponin he akomanga aglycones, kei roto ko ngā aglycones he triterpenoids, he spirosteranes rānei, koinei ngā matū matua o te maha o ngā rongoā otaota Hainamana, ā, kei roto hoki he saponin. He nui hoki ngā mahi koiora o ētahi saponin pērā i te mahi patu huakita, te mahi whakaheke wera, te mahi whakamoe me te mahi ārai mate pukupuku7. Ko ngā flavonoids e pā ana ki tētahi raupapa o ngā matū e honoa ana ngā mowhiti benzene e rua me ngā rōpū phenolic hydroxyl mā roto i ngā ngota waro matua e toru, ā, ko te uho matua ko te 2-phenylchromanone 8. He antioxidant kaha, ka taea te tango i ngā rauropi kore-hāora i roto i ngā tipu, te aukati i te putanga mai o ngā whākōkī koiora mumura, te whakatairanga i te whakaora patunga me te whakamamae mamae, me te whakaheke i ngā taumata cholesterol. Ko tētahi o ngā matū hohe matua o Panax Ginseng. Ko te whakaoti rapanga o te poke o te oneone me te cadmium i roto i ngā wāhi whakaputa o Panax notoginseng he āhuatanga tika hei whakarite i te whakaputanga o ōna wāhanga rongoā matua.
Ko te raima tētahi o ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakatika i te paru oneone cadmium. Ka pā ki te mimiti me te whakatakoto o te Cd ki roto i te oneone, ā, ka whakaiti i te mahi koiora o te Cd ki roto i te oneone mā te whakanui ake i te pH me te whakarerekē i te kaha whakawhiti cation oneone (CEC), te mākū tote oneone (BS), te whai huatanga o te pūmanawa redox oneone (Eh)3,11. Hei tāpiri, he nui te Ca2+ e tukuna ana e te raima, e hanga ana i te ātete ionic ki te Cd2+, e whakataetae ana mō ngā wāhi mimiti pakiaka, e ārai ana i te kawe Cd ki te wana, ā, he iti te paitini koiora. Mā te tāpiri o te 50 mmol l-1 Ca i raro i te ahotea Cd, i aukatia te kawe Cd i roto i ngā rau hīhiama, ā, i whakaitihia te kohikohinga Cd mā te 80%. He maha ngā rangahau e pā ana kua pūrongohia mō te raihi (Oryza sativa L.) me ētahi atu hua12,13.
Ko te rehu i ngā rau o ngā hua hei whakahaere i te kohikohinga o ngā konganuku taumaha he tikanga hou mō te whakahaere i ngā konganuku taumaha i ngā tau tata nei. Ko te kaupapa matua e pā ana ki te tauhohenga chelation i roto i ngā pūtau tipu, e meinga ai te whakatakoto o ngā konganuku taumaha ki runga i te pakitara pūtau, ā, e aukati ana i te tangohanga o ngā konganuku taumaha e ngā tipu14,15. Hei kaihoko chelating waikawa dicarboxylic pumau, ka taea e te waikawa oxalic te chelate tika i ngā katote konganuku taumaha i roto i ngā tipu, ā, ka whakaiti i te paitini. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka taea e te waikawa oxalic i roto i ngā pīni soya te chelate Cd2+ me te tuku i ngā tioata kei roto te Cd mā roto i ngā pūtau apical trichome, ka whakaiti i ngā taumata Cd2+ o te tinana16. Ka taea e te waikawa oxalic te whakahaere i te pH oneone, te whakanui ake i te superoxide dismutase (SOD), te peroxidase (POD), me ngā mahi catalase (CAT), me te whakahaere i te urunga o te huka wairewa, te pūmua wairewa, ngā waikawa amino kore utu, me te proline. Ngā kaiwhakahaere metabolic 17,18. Ko ngā matū waikawa me te nui o te Ca2+ i roto i ngā tipu oxalate ka hanga i ngā putunga konupūmā oxalate i raro i te mahi a ngā pūmua ira. Mā te whakahaere i te kukū Ca2+ i roto i ngā tipu ka taea te whakahaere i te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+ kua rewa i roto i ngā tipu, ā, ka ārai i te kohikohinga nui o te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+19,20.
Ko te nui o te raima i whakamahia tētahi o ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te hua o te whakaora. Kua whakapumautia ko te whakamahinga o te raima kei waenga i te 750 ki te 6000 kg·h·m−2. Mō ngā oneone waikawa me te pH 5.0-5.5, ko te hua o te whakamahinga raima i te horopeta o te 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 he nui ake i te horopeta o te 750 kg·h·m-221. Heoi, ko te whakamahinga nui o te raima ka pāngia te oneone e ētahi pānga kino, pērā i ngā huringa nui o te pH oneone me te whakakīkī o te oneone22. Nō reira, i whakatakotoria e mātou ngā taumata maimoatanga CaO hei 0, 750, 2250 me te 3750 kg·h·m−2. I te whakamahinga o te waikawa oxalic ki Arabidopsis, i kitea he tino heke te Ca2+ i te 10 mM L-1, ā, he tino aro te whānau ira CRT e pā ana ki te tohu Ca2+20. Nā te kohikohinga o ētahi rangahau o mua i taea ai e mātou te whakatau i te kukū o tēnei whakamātautau, me te haere tonu ki te ako i te taunekeneke o ngā tāpiringa o waho ki te Ca2+ me te Cd2+23,24,25. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he tirotiro i te tikanga whakahaere o ngā pānga o te paninga raima me te rehu rau o te waikawa oxalic ki te ihirangi Cd me te manawanui ki te ahotea o Panax notoginseng i roto i ngā oneone poke-Cd, me te tūhura anō i ngā huarahi me ngā tikanga pai rawa atu o te kounga rongoā. taurangi. Putanga Panax notoginseng. Ka whakarato i ngā mōhiohio whai hua hei ārahi i te whakawhānui ake i te whakatipu otaota i roto i ngā oneone poke-cadmium me te whakarato i te whakaputanga kounga teitei, pumau hei whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete mō ngā rongoā.
Mā te whakamahi i te momo Wenshan notoginseng o te rohe hei rauemi, i whakahaerehia he whakamātautau mara i Lannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, teitei 1446m), Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Ko te pāmahana toharite ia tau ko 17°C, ā, ko te ua toharite ia tau ko 1250 mm. Ngā uara papamuri o te oneone i akohia: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, N hydrolyzed alkaline 88.82 mg kg-1, P whai hua 18.55. mg kg-1, K wātea 100.37 mg kg-1, Cd katoa 0.3 mg kg-1 me te pH 5.4.
I te 10 o Tīhema, i tāpirihia te 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) me te raima (0.750, 2250 me te 3750 kg h m-2) ki te oneone o runga, ā, i konatunatua ki te 0–10 cm i ia wāhi, i te tau 2017. E toru ngā wā i whakahokia ai ia maimoatanga. I whakanohohia matapōkeretia ngā wāhi whakamātautau, ko te horahanga o ia wāhi he 3 m2. I whakatōkia ngā tipu Panax notoginseng kotahi tau te pakeke i muri i ngā rā 15 o te whakatipu ki te oneone. I te whakamahi i ngā kupenga whakamarumaru, ko te kaha o te mārama o Panax notoginseng i roto i te tuanui whakamarumaru he tata ki te 18% o te kaha o te mārama taiao noa. Whakatipuhia kia rite ki ngā tikanga whakatipu tuku iho o te rohe. Kia tae ki te wā pakari o Panax notoginseng i te tau 2019, ka rehuhia te waikawa oxalic hei konutai oxalate. Ko te kukū o te waikawa oxalic he 0, 0.1 me te 0.2 mol l-1, ia, ā, i whakatikatikaina te pH ki te 5.16 ki te NaOH hei whakatauira i te pH toharite o te tātari para. Rehuhia te mata o runga me te mata o raro o ngā rau kotahi i te wiki i te 8 i te ata. Whai muri i te rehu 4 ngā wā, ka hauhakehia ngā tipu Panax notoginseng 3 tau te pakeke i te wiki 5.
I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2019, i kohia ngā tipu Panax notoginseng e toru tau te pakeke i rongoatia ki te waikawa oxalic i te mara. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā tipu Panax notoginseng e toru tau te pakeke hei whakamātautau mō te pākia o te tinana me te mahi whākōkī i whakanohoia ki roto i ngā ngongo tio, i whakatio wawetia ki te hauota wai, kātahi ka whakawhitia ki te pouaka whakamātao i te -80°C. Me whakatau te wāhanga o te wāhanga pakari i roto i ngā tauira pakiaka mō te Cd me te ihirangi o te matū hohe. I muri i te horoinga ki te wai puna, whakamarokehia ki te 105°C mō te 30 meneti, pupurihia te papatipu ki te 75°C ka huri i ngā tauira ki roto i te moata. Puritia.
Paunahia te 0.2 karamu o ngā tauira tipu maroke ki roto i tētahi ipu Erlenmeyer, tāpirihia te 8 ml HNO3 me te 2 ml HClO4 me te taupoki mō te pō. I te rā i muri mai, ka whakanohoia te hāneanea he kaki piko ki roto i tētahi ipu tapatoru hei whakawehenga wera hiko kia puta rā anō te paoa mā, ā, kia mārama te otinga whakawehenga. I muri i te whakamatao ki te pāmahana rūma, ka whakawhitia te ranunga ki roto i tētahi ipu rōrahi 10 ml. I whakatauhia te nui o te Cd i runga i tētahi inenga mimiti ngota (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Paunahia te 0.2 karamu o ngā tauira tipu maroke ki roto i tētahi pounamu kirihou 50 ml, tāpirihia he 10 ml o te 1 mol l-1 HCL, katia, ka rūrū mō ngā hāora 15, kātahi ka tātarihia. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi pipette, tangohia te nui o te tātari e hiahiatia ana mō te waimehatanga tika, kātahi ka tāpirihia te otinga SrCl2 kia eke te kukū Sr2+ ki te 1 karamu L–1. I whakatauhia te nui o te Ca mā te whakamahi i tētahi ine mimiti ngota (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Te tikanga kete tohutoro malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), me te catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., nama rēhitatanga hua), whakamahia te nama kete ine e rite ana: Jingyaodianji (quasi) kupu 2013 Nama 2400147).
Paunahia te 0.05 karamu o te tauira Panax notoginseng ka tāpirihia te matū waikawa anthrone-whanariki ki te taha o te ngongo. Rūrūtia te ngongo mō te 2-3 hēkona kia tino whakaranua te wai. Whakatakotoria te ngongo ki runga i te whatanga ngongo whakamātautau mō te 15 meneti. I whakatauhia te nui o ngā huka wairewa mā te whakamahi i te ine ira UV-kitea (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 620 nm.
Paunahia te 0.5 karamu o tētahi tauira hou o Panax notoginseng, hurihia kia rite ki te 5 ml o te wai kua whakamāoritia, ka hurihia ki te 10,000 karamu mō ngā meneti 10. Whakaranua te wai i roto i te wai kia rite ki te rahinga kua whakaritea. I whakamahia te tikanga Coomassie Brilliant Blue. I whakatauhia te nui o te pūmua wairewa mā te whakamahi i te spectrophotometry i roto i ngā rohe ultraviolet me ngā rohe e kitea ana o te whānuitanga (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 595 nm, ā, i tatauhia mai i te pihi paerewa o te albumin toto kau.
Paunahia te 0.5 karamu o te tauira hou, tāpirihia he 5 ml o te waikawa acetic 10% ki te huri, ka whakaranua, tātarihia, ka whakaranua kia pumau te rōrahi. Tikanga chromogenic mā te whakamahi i te otinga ninhydrin. I whakatauhia te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu mā te spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 570 nm, ā, i tatauhia mai i te pihi leucine paerewa.
Paunahia te 0.5 karamu o tētahi tauira hou, tāpirihia he 5 ml o te otinga 3% o te waikawa sulfosalicylic, whakamahanahia ki roto i te kaukau wai, ka rūrū mō te 10 meneti. I muri i te whakamatao, ka tātarihia te otinga, ka whakaranua kia pumau te rōrahi. I whakamahia te tikanga chromogenic waikawa ninhydrin. I whakatauhia te nui o te proline mā te spectrophotometry UV-kitea (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 520 nm, ā, i tatauhia mai i te pihi paerewa proline.
I whakatauhia te nui o ngā saponin mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC) e ai ki te Pharmacopoeia o te People's Republic of China (putanga 2015). Ko te kaupapa matua o te HPLC ko te whakamahi i te wai pēhanga-teitei hei wāhanga nekeneke, me te whakamahi i tētahi hangarau wehenga tino whai hua ki runga i te pou wāhanga tūmau mō ngā matūriki tino pai. Ko ngā pūkenga whakahaere e whai ake nei:
Ngā āhuatanga HPLC me te whakamātautau pai o te pūnaha (Ripanga 1): I whakahaerehia te whakapūtanga rōnaki e ai ki te ripanga e whai ake nei, mā te whakamahi i te silica gel i herea ki te octadecylsilane hei whakakī, te acetonitrile hei wāhanga nekeneke A, te wai hei wāhanga nekeneke B, ā, ko te roangaru kitenga he 203 nm. Ko te maha o ngā kapu ariā i tatauhia mai i te tihi R1 o ngā saponin Panax notoginseng me neke atu i te 4000.
Te whakarite i te otinga tohutoro: Paunatia tika ngā ginsenosides Rg1, ngā ginsenosides Rb1 me ngā notoginsenosides R1, tāpirihia te methanol kia puta he otinga whakaranu o te 0.4 mg o te ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg o te ginsenoside Rb1 me te 0.1 mg o te notoginsenoside R1 ia ml.
Te whakarite otinga whakamātautau: Taumahahia te 0.6 karamu o te paura Sanxin ka tāpirihia he 50 ml o te methanol. I paunatia te ranunga (W1) ka waiho mō te pō. Kātahi ka kohuatia mārire te otinga i roto i te kaukau wai i te 80° C mō ngā hāora e 2. I muri i te whakamatao, paunatia te otinga i konatunatua ka tāpirihia te methanol i puta mai ki te papatipu tuatahi o te W1. Kātahi ka rūrūtia kia pai, ka tātarihia. I waiho te tātari kia whakatauhia.
I mimitia tika te ihirangi o te saponin e te 10 µl o te otinga paerewa me te 10 µl o te tātari, ā, i werohia ki roto i te HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Pīkoi paerewa: te whakatau i te otinga paerewa whakauru Rg1, Rb1, R1, he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga o te chromatography ki runga ake nei. Tātaihia te pīkoi paerewa me te horahanga tihi inehia i runga i te tuaka-y me te kukū o te saponin i roto i te otinga paerewa i runga i te abscissa. Monohia te horahanga tihi inehia o te tauira ki roto i te pīkoi paerewa hei tātai i te kukū saponin.
Paunatia he tauira 0.1 karamu o te P. notogensings ka tāpirihia he 50 ml o te otinga 70% CH3OH. Whakatōkia ki te wai mā te sonicate mō ngā hāora e 2, kātahi ka centrifuge i te 4000 rpm mō ngā meneti e 10. Tangohia te 1 ml o te wai i roto i te wai ka whakaranua kia 12 ngā wā. I whakatauhia te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids mā te spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 249 nm. He matū nui paerewa te Quercetin8.
I whakaritea ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Excel 2010. I aromatawaihia te tātaritanga o ngā rerekētanga o ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa SPSS Statistics 20. I tangohia te pikitia mā te pūtake Pro 9.1. Kei roto i ngā tatauranga kua tatauhia te toharite ± paerewa rerekētanga. Ko ngā tauākī hiranga tatauranga e ahu mai ana i te P<0.05.
Mēnā i rehuhia ngā rau ki te kukū kotahi o te waikawa oxalic, i tino piki ake te nui o te Ca i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i te pikinga o te paninga raima (Ripanga 2). Ki te whakatauritea ki te kore paninga raima, i piki ake te nui o te Ca mā te 212% i te 3750 kg ppm raima me te kore rehu waikawa oxalic. I te tere paninga raima kotahi, i paku piki ake te nui o te konupūmā i te pikinga o te kukū waikawa oxalic i rehuhia.
I rerekē te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka mai i te 0.22 ki te 0.70 mg/kg. I te wā kotahi i rehuhia ai te waikawa oxalic, i tino heke te nui o te 2250 kg hm-2 Cd i te pikinga o te tere o te tono raima. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mana whakahaere, i te wā i rehuhia ai ngā pakiaka ki te 2250 kg gm-2 raima me te 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, i heke te nui o te Cd mā te 68.57%. I te wā i whakamahia ai me te kore raima me te 750 kg hm-2 raima, i tino heke te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i te pikinga o te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic. I te whakaurunga o te 2250 kg o te raima gm-2 me te 3750 kg o te raima gm-2, i heke tuatahi te nui o te Cd i roto i te pakiaka, kātahi ka piki ake i te pikinga o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic. Hei tāpiritanga, i whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga 2D te nui o te Ca i roto i te pakiaka Panax notoginseng i pāngia nuitia e te raima (F = 82.84**), te nui o te Cd i roto i te pakiaka Panax notoginseng i pāngia nuitia e te raima (F = 74.99**) me te waikawa oxalic. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
I te pikinga ake o te tere o te paninga o te raima me te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic, ka tino heke te nui o te MDA. Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o te MDA i waenga i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i maimoatia ki te raima me te 3750 kg g/m2 raima. I ngā tere paninga o te 750 kg hm-2 me te 2250 kg hm-2 raima, ko te nui o te MDA i roto i te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic i te wā i rehuhia ai he 58.38% me te 40.21% iti iho i te waikawa oxalic kāore i rehuhia. Ko te nui o te MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) te mea iti rawa i te wā i tāpirihia ai te 750 kg o te raima hm-2 me te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 1).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te nui o te malondialdehyde i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Pērā anō i raro nei.
Haunga te whakamahinga o te 3750 kg h m-2 o te raima, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te mahi SOD o te pūnaha pakiaka Panax notoginseng. I te whakamahinga o te raima 0, 750 me te 2250 kg hm-2, he nui ake te mahi a te SOD i te wā i rehuhia ai te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic i te wā i kore ai he maimoatanga ki te waikawa oxalic, i piki ake mā te 177.89%, 61.62% me te 45 .08% ia. Ko te mahi SOD (598.18 wae g-1) i roto i ngā pakiaka i teitei rawa atu i te wā i rongoatia ai me te kore raima me te rehuhia ki te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic. I te kukū kotahi me te kore waikawa oxalic, i rehuhia rānei ki te 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, i piki ake te mahi SOD me te nui haere o te raima. I tino heke te mahi SOD i muri i te rehuhia ki te 0.2 mol L–1 waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 2).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te mahi a te superoxide dismutase, te peroxidase, me te catalase i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium [J].
He rite ki te mahi SOD i roto i ngā pakiaka, ko te mahi POD i roto i ngā pakiaka (63.33 µmol g-1) te mea teitei rawa atu i te wā i rehuhia ai me te kore he raima me te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, he 148.35% teitei ake i te mana whakahaere (25.50 µmol g-1). I piki ake te mahi POD i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga o te kukū rehu waikawa oxalic me te maimoatanga raima 3750 kg hm −2. Ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga me te 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, i heke te mahi POD mā te 36.31% i te wā i rongoatia ai ki te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 2).
Haunga te rehu i te waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 me te paninga i te 2250 kg hm-2, 3750 kg hm-2 rānei, he nui ake te kaha o te CAT i te mana whakahaere. Ko te kaha o te CAT o te maimoatanga ki te waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol l-1 me te maimoatanga ki te raima 0.2250 kg h m-2, 3750 kg h m-2 rānei i piki ake mā te 276.08%, 276.69% me te 33.05% ia, ki te whakatauritea ki te kore maimoatanga waikawa oxalic. Ko te kaha o te CAT o ngā pakiaka (803.52 µmol g-1) i maimoatia ki te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic te mea teitei rawa. Ko te kaha o te CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) te mea iti rawa i te maimoatanga o te raima 3750 kg hm-2 me te waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 (Pikitia 2).
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga takirua he hononga nui te mahi a te Panax notoginseng CAT me te MDA ki te nui o te waikawa oxalic, te rehu raima rānei, me ngā maimoatanga e rua (Ripanga 3). He hononga nui te mahi SOD i roto i ngā pakiaka ki te maimoatanga raima me te waikawa oxalic, ki te kukū rehu waikawa oxalic rānei. He hononga nui te mahi POD pakiaka ki te nui o te raima i whakamahia, ki te whakamahinga rānei o te raima me te waikawa oxalic i te wā kotahi.
I heke te nui o ngā huka wairewa i roto i ngā hua pakiaka i te pikinga ake o te tere o te paninga raima me te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o ngā huka wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng me te kore he paninga raima me te paninga o te 750 kg·h·m−2 o te raima. I te paninga o te 2250 kg hm-2 raima, ko te nui o te huka wairewa i te wā i tukinotia ki te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic he nui ake i te wā i rehuhia ai ki te waikawa kore-oxalic, i piki ake mā te 22.81%. I te paninga o te raima i te nui o te 3750 kg·h·m-2, i tino heke te nui o ngā huka wairewa i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o te huka wairewa o te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 he 38.77% te iti iho i tērā o te maimoatanga kāore he maimoatanga waikawa oxalic. Hei tāpiritanga, ko te rehu ki te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic te mea iti rawa o te huka wairewa, arā, 205.80 mg g-1 (Pikitia 3).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te nui o te huka wairewa katoa me te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium [J].
I heke te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka i te pikinga ake o te tere o te paninga o te raima me te waikawa oxalic. I te korenga o te raima, ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i te maimoatanga rehu me te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic he iti iho i te mana whakahaere, mā te 16.20%. I te paninga o te raima 750 kg hm-2, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui o te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng. I te tere paninga o te raima 2250 kg h m-2, ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic o te 0.2 mol l-1 he teitei ake i te maimoatanga rehu kore-waikawa oxalic (35.11%). I te paninga o te raima ki te 3750 kg h m-2, i heke nui te nui o te pūmua wairewa me te pikinga ake o te kukū rehu waikawa oxalic, ā, ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa (269.84 µg g-1) he iti rawa i te wā i pania ai ki te 0.2 mol l-1. 1 te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 3).
Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i te korenga o te raima. Nā te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic me te tere tono raima o te 750 kg hm-2, ka heke te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu i te tuatahi, kātahi ka piki ake. Nā te tono maimoatanga ki te 2250 kg hm-2 raima me te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic i tino piki ake te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu mā te 33.58% ki te whakataurite ki te kore maimoatanga ki te waikawa oxalic. Nā te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic me te whakaurunga o te 3750 kg·hm-2 o te raima, ka heke te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu. Ko te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu i roto i te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 he 49.76% te iti iho i te maimoatanga kāore he maimoatanga waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o te waikawa amino kore utu i te wā i rongoatia ai me te kore maimoatanga ki te waikawa oxalic, ā, i eke ki te 2.09 mg/g. Ko te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu (1.05 mg g-1) te mea iti rawa i te wā i rehuhia ai ki te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 4).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu me te proline i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te ahotea cadmium [J].
I heke te nui o te proline i roto i ngā pakiaka i te pikinga ake o te tere o te paninga o te raima me te waikawa oxalic. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o te proline o Panax notoginseng i te korenga o te raima. I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic me ngā tere paninga raima o te 750, 2250 kg hm-2, ka heke te nui o te proline i te tuatahi, kātahi ka piki ake. Ko te nui o te proline i roto i te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 he nui ake i te nui o te proline i roto i te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol l-1, i piki ake mā te 19.52% me te 44.33%, ia. I te paninga o te 3750 kg·hm-2 o te raima, ka heke te nui o te proline i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o te proline i muri i te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 he 54.68% te iti iho i te kore waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o te proline te mea iti rawa, ā, i eke ki te 11.37 μg/g i muri i te maimoatanga ki te 0.2 mol/l waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 4).
Ko te nui o ngā saponin katoa i roto i te Panax notoginseng he Rg1>Rb1>R1. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o ngā saponin e toru me te pikinga o te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic me te kore raima (Ripanga 4).
He iti iho te nui o te R1 i te wā i rehuhia ai te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic i te wā i kore ai e rehuhia te waikawa oxalic, me te whakamahi i te raima 750, 3750 kg·h·m-2 rānei. Mēnā he 0, he 0.1 mol l-1 rānei te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic, kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o te R1 me te pikinga o te tere tono raima. Mēnā he 0.2 mol l-1 te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic, he iti iho te nui o te R1 o te 3750 kg hm-2 o te raima i te 43.84% kāore he raima (Ripanga 4).
I te tuatahi ka piki ake te ihirangi o te Rg1, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic me te tere tono raima o te 750 kg·h·m−2. I te tere tono raima o te 2250, 3750 kg h m-2 rānei, ka heke te ihirangi Rg1 i te pikinga ake o te kukū rehu waikawa oxalic. I te kukū rehu kotahi o te waikawa oxalic, ka piki ake te ihirangi o te Rg1 i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga ake o te tere tono raima. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mana whakahaere, haunga ngā kukū rehu e toru o te waikawa oxalic me te 750 kg h m-2, he teitei ake te ihirangi Rg1 i te mana whakahaere, ko te ihirangi Rg1 i roto i ngā pakiaka o ētahi atu maimoatanga he iti iho i te mana whakahaere. Ko te ihirangi Rg1 te mea teitei rawa atu i te rehu ki te 750 kg gm-2 raima me te 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, he 11.54% teitei ake i te mana whakahaere (Ripanga 4).
I te tuatahi ka piki ake te ihirangi o te Rb1, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic me te tere tono raima o te 2250 kg hm-2. I muri i te rehu i te 0.1 mol l–1 waikawa oxalic, ka eke te ihirangi Rb1 ki te mōrahi o te 3.46%, arā, he 74.75% teitei ake i te kore rehu i te waikawa oxalic. Mō ētahi atu maimoatanga raima, kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā kukū rehu waikawa oxalic rerekē. I te rehu ki te 0.1 me te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, ka heke tuatahi te ihirangi o te Rb1, kātahi ka heke i te pikinga ake o te nui o te raima i tāpirihia (ripanga 4).
I te kukū kotahi o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia, ka piki ake te ihirangi o ngā flavonoid i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga o te tere tono raima. Kāore he raima, he raima 3750 kg hm-2 rānei i rehuhia ki ngā kukū rerekē o te waikawa oxalic i whai rerekētanga nui i roto i te ihirangi flavonoid. I te wā i whakamahia ai te raima i te tere o te 750 me te 2250 kg h m-2, ka piki ake te ihirangi o ngā flavonoid i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga o te kukū o te rehuhia ki te waikawa oxalic. I te wā i rongoatia ai ki te tere tono o te 750 kg hm-2 me te rehuhia ki te 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, ko te ihirangi o ngā flavonoid te mea teitei rawa atu, ā, i eke ki te 4.38 mg g-1, he 18.38% teitei ake i te raima i te tere tono kotahi. me te kore rehuhia ki te waikawa oxalic. I piki ake te nui o ngā flavonoid i te wā i rehuhia ai ki te waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol l-1 mā te 21.74%, ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga kāore i rehuhia ki te waikawa oxalic me te maimoatanga raima ki te 2250 kg hm-2 (Pikitia 5).
Te pānga o te rehu rau oxalate ki te ihirangi flavonoid i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium [J].
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga takirua he hononga nui te nui o te huka wairewa o Panax notoginseng ki te nui o te raima i ringihia me te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia. Ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā hua pakiaka i hono nui ki te tere o te paninga o te raima, te raima me te waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu me te proline i roto i ngā pakiaka i hono nui ki te tere o te paninga o te raima, te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic, te raima me te waikawa oxalic (Ripanga 5).
He hononga nui te nui o te R1 i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng ki te kukū o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic, te nui o te raima, te raima me te waikawa oxalic i pania. He hononga nui te nui o te flavonoid ki te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia me te nui o te raima i pania.
He maha ngā whakatikatika kua whakamahia hei whakaiti i te Cd tipu mā te aukati i te Cd i roto i te oneone, pērā i te raima me te waikawa oxalic30. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te raima hei tāpiri oneone hei whakaiti i te ihirangi cadmium i roto i ngā hua31. I kōrero a Liang et al. 32 ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te waikawa oxalic hei whakaora i ngā oneone kua poke i ngā konganuku taumaha. I muri i te paninga o ngā kukū rerekē o te waikawa oxalic ki te oneone kua poke, ka piki ake ngā matū koiora o te oneone, ka heke te kaha whakawhiti cation, ā, ka piki ake te uara pH mā te 33. Ka taea hoki e te waikawa oxalic te tauhohe ki ngā katote konganuku i roto i te oneone. I raro i te ahotea Cd, ka piki ake te ihirangi Cd i roto i te Panax notoginseng ki te whakataurite ki te mana whakahaere. Heoi, i te whakamahinga o te raima, ka heke iho. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i te whakamahinga o te raima 750 kg hm-2, i eke te nui o te Cd i roto i te pakiaka ki te paerewa ā-motu (te rohenga Cd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), ā, ko te pānga i te whakamahinga o te raima 2250 kg hm−2 ka tino pai te mahi me te raima. Nā te whakamahinga o te raima i hanga he maha ngā wāhi whakataetae i waenga i te Ca2+ me te Cd2+ i roto i te oneone, ā, mā te tāpiri o te waikawa oxalic ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng. Heoi, i tino heke te nui o te Cd o ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng nā te whakakotahitanga o te raima me te waikawa oxalic, ā, i eke ki te paerewa ā-motu. Ka mimitihia te Ca2+ i roto i te oneone ki te mata o te pakiaka i te wā e rere ana te papatipu, ā, ka taea te tango ake e ngā pūtau pakiaka mā roto i ngā hongere konupūmā (ngā hongere-Ca2+), ngā papu konupūmā (Ca2+-AT-Pase) me ngā ārai-pūngao Ca2+/H+, kātahi ka haria whakapaetia ki te xylem pakiaka 23. He hononga kino te ihirangi o te pakiaka Ca ki te ihirangi Cd (P<0.05). I heke te ihirangi o te Cd i te pikinga ake o te ihirangi o te Ca, he rite ki te whakaaro mō te whakahē a te Ca me te Cd. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga rerekētanga he nui te pānga o te nui o te raima ki te ihirangi Ca i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng. I kōrero a Pongrac et al. 35 ka herea te Cd ki te oxalate i roto i ngā tioata konupūmā oxalate, ā, ka whakataetae ki te Ca. Heoi, kāore i te nui te whakahaere o te Ca e te oxalate. I whakaatuhia e tēnei ehara te maturuturunga o te konupūmā oxalate i hangaia e te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+ i te maturuturunga noa, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te tukanga maturuturunga tahi mā roto i ngā ara pākia.