Ngā mihi nui ki a koe mō tō toro mai ki Nature.com. He iti noa te tautoko CSS mō te putanga o te pūtirotiro e whakamahia ana e koe. Mō ngā hua pai rawa atu, ka tūtohu mātou kia whakamahia he putanga hou ake o tō pūtirotiro (kia whakawetohia rānei te aratau hototahi i roto i te Internet Explorer). I tēnei wā, hei whakarite i te tautoko tonu, kei te whakaatu mātou i te pae me te kore he momo kāhua, he JavaScript rānei.
He tūponotanga pea te poke o te Cadmium (Cd) ki te haumaru o te whakatipu i te tipu rongoā Panax notoginseng i Yunnan. I raro i te ahotea Cd o waho, i whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mara hei mārama ki ngā pānga o te paninga raima (0, 750, 2250 me te 3750 kg/h/m2) me te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic (0, 0.1 me te 0.2 mol/L) ki te kohikohinga Cd me te antioxidant. Ngā wāhanga pūnaha me ngā wāhanga rongoā o Panax notoginseng. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua i raro i te ahotea Cd, ka taea e te rehu raima me te rau ki te waikawa oxalic te whakanui ake i te ihirangi Ca2+ o Panax notoginseng me te whakaiti i te paitini o te Cd2+. Nā te tāpiri o te raima me te waikawa oxalic i whakanui ake i te mahi a ngā whākōkī antioxidant me te whakarerekē i te metabolism o ngā kaiwhakahaere osmotic. Ko te mea tino nui ko te pikinga o te mahi CAT mā te 2.77 ngā wā. I raro i te awe o te waikawa oxalic, i piki ake te mahi a te SOD ki te 1.78 ngā wā. I heke te ihirangi MDA mā te 58.38%. He hononga tino nui ki te huka wairewa, ngā waikawa amino kore utu, te proline me te pūmua wairewa. Ka taea e te raima me te waikawa oxalic te whakanui ake i te ihirangi konupūmā ion (Ca2+) o Panax notoginseng, te whakaiti i te ihirangi Cd, te whakapai ake i te ātete ahotea o Panax notoginseng, me te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga o ngā saponin me ngā flavonoid katoa. Ko te ihirangi Cd te mea iti rawa, 68.57% te iti iho i te mana whakahaere, ā, e rite ana ki te uara paerewa (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Ko te ōwehenga o te SPN he 7.73%, i eke ki te taumata teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā maimoatanga katoa, ā, i piki ake te ihirangi flavonoid mā te 21.74%, i eke ki ngā uara hauora paerewa me te hua tino pai.
He mea poke noa te Cadmium (Cd) i roto i ngā oneone kua whakatōkia, he ngāwari te heke, ā, he nui te paitini koiora. I kōrero a El-Shafei me ētahi atu, ka pā te paitini cadmium ki te kounga me te hua o ngā tipu e whakamahia ana. Kua tino kino te nui o te cadmium i roto i te oneone kua whakatōkia i te tonga-mā-uru o Haina i ngā tau tata nei. Ko te Porowini o Yunnan te rangatiratanga o te kanorau koiora o Haina, ā, ko ngā momo tipu rongoā te tuatahi i te whenua. Heoi, he nui ngā rauemi kohuke o te Porowini o Yunnan, ā, ko te tukanga keri ka arahi tonu ki te parahanga o te konganuku taumaha i roto i te oneone, ka pā ki te whakaputanga o ngā tipu rongoā o te rohe.
Ko te Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) he tipu rongoā otaota ā-tau tino nui, nō te puninga Panax o te whānau Araliaceae. Ka whakapai ake a Panax notoginseng i te rere o te toto, ka whakakore i te toto e noho pūmau ana, ā, ka whakamamae i te mamae. Ko te rohe whakaputa matua ko Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province5. Neke atu i te 75% o te oneone i ngā rohe whakatipu ginseng Panax notoginseng ā-rohe kua poke i te cadmium, me ngā taumata rerekē mai i te 81% ki te neke atu i te 100% i ngā rohe rerekē6. Ko te pānga paitini o te Cd ka whakaiti nui hoki i te whakaputanga o ngā wāhanga rongoā o Panax notoginseng, inā koa ko ngā saponin me ngā flavonoid. Ko ngā saponin he momo matū glycosidic ko ōna aglycone he triterpenoids, he spirostanes rānei. Ko ēnei ngā kai matua o te maha o ngā rongoā tuku iho Hainamana, ā, kei roto ko ngā saponin. Ko ētahi saponin he mahi patu huakita, he mahi koiora nui rānei pērā i te whakaheke i te wera, te whakangāwari me te ārai matepukupuku7. Ko ngā flavonoids e pā ana ki tētahi raupapa o ngā matū e honoa ana ngā mowhiti benzene e rua me ngā rōpū phenolic hydroxyl mā roto i ngā ngota waro matua e toru. Ko te uho matua ko te 2-phenylchromanone 8. He antioxidant kaha e taea ai te tango i ngā rauropi kore-hāora i roto i ngā tipu. Tērā pea ka aukati i te urunga o ngā whākōkī koiora mumura, ka whakatairanga i te whakaora patunga me te whakamamae mamae, ka whakaheke i ngā taumata cholesterol. Ko tētahi o ngā matū hohe matua o Panax notoginseng. He hiahia nui kia arohia te raruraru o te poke cadmium i roto i ngā oneone i ngā wāhi whakaputa Panax ginseng me te whakarite kia puta ngā matū rongoā nui.
Ko te raima tētahi o ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakamāmā i te oneone tūmau mai i te poke o te cadmium10. Ka pā ki te mimiti me te whakatakoto o te Cd ki roto i te oneone mā te whakaiti i te wātea o te Cd i roto i te oneone mā te whakanui ake i te uara pH me te whakarerekē i te kaha whakawhiti cation oneone (CEC), te mākū tote oneone (BS) me te pūmanawa redox oneone (Eh)3, 11. Hei tāpiri, ka whakaratohia e te raima he nui o te Ca2+, ka hanga he ātete ionic ki te Cd2+, ka whakataetae mō ngā wāhi mimiti i roto i ngā pakiaka, ka ārai i te kawe o te Cd ki roto i te oneone, ā, he iti te paitini koiora. I te tāpirihia o te 50 mmol L-1 Ca i raro i te ahotea Cd, ka aukatihia te kawe Cd i roto i ngā rau hīhiama, ā, ka whakaitihia te kohikohinga Cd mā te 80%. He maha ngā rangahau rite kua pūrongohia i roto i te raihi (Oryza sativa L.) me ētahi atu hua12,13.
Ko te rehu rau i ngā hua hei whakahaere i te kohikohinga o ngā konganuku taumaha he tikanga hou mō te whakahaere i ngā konganuku taumaha i ngā tau tata nei. Ko tōna kaupapa matua e pā ana ki te tauhohenga chelation i roto i ngā pūtau tipu, ka hua ake te whakatakotoranga o ngā konganuku taumaha ki te pakitara pūtau, ā, ka aukati i te tangohanga o ngā konganuku taumaha e ngā tipu14,15. Hei kaihoko chelating diacid pumau, ka taea e te waikawa oxalic te chelating tika i ngā katote konganuku taumaha i roto i ngā tipu, ā, ka whakaiti i te paitini. Kua whakaatuhia e te rangahau ka taea e te waikawa oxalic i roto i ngā pīni soya te chelating Cd2+ me te tuku i ngā tioata kei roto te Cd mā roto i ngā pūtau trichome o runga, ka whakaiti i ngā taumata Cd2+ i roto i te tinana16. Ka taea e te waikawa oxalic te whakahaere i te pH oneone, te whakarei ake i te mahi a te superoxide dismutase (SOD), te peroxidase (POD) me te catalase (CAT), me te whakahaere i te urunga o te huka wairewa, te pūmua wairewa, ngā waikawa amino kore utu me te proline. Ngā kaiwhakahaere metabolic17,18. Ko te waikawa me te Ca2+ nui rawa i roto i te tipu ka hanga i te konupūmā oxalate e puta ana i raro i te mahi a ngā pūmua nucleating. Mā te whakahaere i te kukū Ca2+ i roto i ngā tipu ka taea te whakahaere i te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+ rewa i roto i ngā tipu, ā, ka ārai i te kohikohinga nui o te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+19,20.
Ko te nui o te raima i whakamahia tētahi o ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te pānga o te whakatikatika. I kitea ko te horopeta o te raima i waenga i te 750 ki te 6000 kg/m2. Mō te oneone waikawa me te pH o te 5.0~5.5, ko te pānga o te whakamahi raima i te horopeta o te 3000~6000 kg/h/m he nui ake i te horopeta o te 750 kg/h/m221. Heoi, ko te nui rawa o te raima ka hua ake ētahi pānga kino ki te oneone, pērā i ngā huringa nui o te pH oneone me te whakakīkī o te oneone22. Nō reira, i tautuhia e mātou ngā taumata maimoatanga CaO hei 0, 750, 2250 me te 3750 kg hm-2. I te whakamahinga o te waikawa oxalic ki te Arabidopsis thaliana, i kitea kua tino heke te Ca2+ i te kukū o te 10 mmol L-1, ā, i kaha te urupare a te whānau ira CRT, e pā ana ki te tohu Ca2+,20. Nā te kohikohinga o ētahi rangahau o mua i taea ai e mātou te whakatau i te kukū o tēnei whakamātautau, me te ako anō i te pānga o te taunekeneke o ngā tāpiringa o waho ki te Ca2+ me te Cd2+23,24,25. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he tūhura i te tikanga whakahaere o te rehu rau raima me te waikawa oxalic o waho ki te ihirangi Cd me te manawanui ki te ahotea o Panax notoginseng i roto i te oneone kua poke i te Cd, me te tūhura anō i ngā huarahi hei whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai huatanga o te rongoā. Te whakaputanga Panax notoginseng. Ka whakaratohia e ia he aratohu whai hua mō te whakanui ake i te tauine o te whakatipu tipu otaota i roto i ngā oneone kua poke i te cadmium, me te whakatutuki i te whakaputanga kounga teitei, pumau e hiahiatia ana e te mākete rongoā.
Mā te whakamahi i te momo ginseng ā-rohe, Wenshan Panax notoginseng, hei rauemi, i whakahaerehia he whakamātautau mara i Lannizhai, Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province (24°11′N, 104°3′E, teitei 1446 m). Ko te pāmahana toharite ā-tau ko 17°C, ā, ko te ua toharite ā-tau ko 1250 mm. Ko ngā uara papamuri o te oneone i rangahauhia ko TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, kore phosphorus. 18.55 mg kg-1, kore pāhare pākawa 100.37 mg kg-1, katoa cadmium 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
I te 10 o Tīhema, 2017, i konatunatuahia te 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) me te maimoatanga raima (0, 750, 2250 me te 3750 kg/h/m2) ka pania ki te mata o te oneone me te paparanga 0~10 cm o ia wāhi. E toru ngā wā i whakahokia ai ia maimoatanga. Ka tū matapōkeretia ngā wāhi whakamātautau, ko ia wāhi e kapi ana i te rohe 3 m2. I whakatōkia ngā tipu Panax notoginseng kotahi tau te pakeke i muri i ngā rā 15 o te ngaki. Mēnā ka whakamahia he kupenga ārai rā, ko te kaha o te mārama o Panax notoginseng i roto i te kupenga ārai rā he tata ki te 18% o te kaha mārama taiao noa. Ka mahia te whakatipu i runga i ngā tikanga whakatipu tuku iho o te rohe. I mua i te wā pakari o Panax notoginseng i te tau 2019, rehuhia te waikawa oxalic i te ahua o te konutai oxalate. Ko ngā kukū waikawa oxalic he 0, 0.1 me te 0.2 mol L-1, ia, ā, i whakamahia te NaOH hei whakatika i te pH ki te 5.16 hei whakatauira i te pH toharite o te wai whakapūkara. Rehuhia te mata o runga me te mata o raro o ngā rau kotahi i te wiki i te 8:00 i te ata. Whai muri i te rehuhia e 4 ngā wā i te wiki 5, ka hauhakehia ngā tipu Panax notoginseng 3-tau te pakeke.
I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2019, i kohia mai ngā tipu Panax notoginseng e toru tau te pakeke mai i te mara, ā, i rehuhia ki te waikawa oxalic. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā tipu Panax notoginseng e toru tau te pakeke e hiahia ana kia inehia te pākia o te tinana me te mahi whākōkī i whakanohoia ki roto i ngā ngongo hei whakatio, i whakatio wawetia ki te hauota wai, kātahi ka whakawhitia ki te pouaka whakamātao i te -80°C. Ko ētahi tauira pakiaka hei ine mō te Cd me te ihirangi matū hohe i te wā pakari i horoia ki te wai puna, i whakamarokehia ki te 105°C mō te 30 meneti, i te taumaha pumau i te 75°C, ā, i hurihia ki roto i te moata hei penapena.
Paunahia te 0.2 karamu o te tauira tipu maroke, whakatakotoria ki roto i tētahi ipu Erlenmeyer, tāpirihia te 8 ml HNO3 me te 2 ml HClO4 ka taupokina mō te pō. I te rā i muri mai, whakamahia he kōrere piko kua whakatakotoria ki roto i tētahi ipu Erlenmeyer hei nakunaku hiko wera kia puta mai he paoa mā, kia mārama hoki ngā wai nakunaku. I muri i te whakamatao ki te pāmahana rūma, ka whakawhitia te ranunga ki tētahi ipu rōrahi 10 ml. I whakatauhia te nui o te Cd mā te whakamahi i tētahi inenga mimiti ngota (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Paunahia te 0.2 karamu o te tauira tipu maroke, whakatakotoria ki roto i tētahi pounamu kirihou 50 ml, tāpirihia te 1 mol L-1 HCL ki roto i te 10 ml, taupokina, ka rūrūtia kia pai mō ngā hāora 15, kātahi ka tātarihia. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi pipette, tāpirihia te nui o te tātari e hiahiatia ana, whakaranua kia rite ki tēnā, ka tāpirihia te otinga SrCl2 kia eke te kukū Sr2+ ki te 1 karamu L-1. I inehia te nui o te Ca mā te whakamahi i tētahi inenga mimiti ngota (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Te tikanga kete tohutoro malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) me te catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., rēhitatanga hua), whakamahia te kete ine e rite ana. Nama: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (tika) 2013 Nama 2400147).
Paunahia kia 0.05 karamu te tauira Panax notoginseng, ka tāpirihia he matū waikawa anthrone-whanariki ki ngā taha o te ngongo. Rūrūtia te ngongo mō te 2-3 hēkona kia tino whakaranua te wai. Whakatakotoria te ngongo ki runga i te whatanga ngongo kia puta he tae mō te 15 meneti. I whakatauhia te nui o te huka wairewa mā te ine ine ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 620 nm.
Paunahia te 0.5 karamu o tētahi tauira hou o Panax notoginseng, hurihia kia rite ki te ranunga me te 5 ml wai whakapūkara, kātahi ka whakapūkarahia ki te 10,000 karamu mō ngā meneti 10. I whakaranua te wai whakapūkara ki tētahi rōrahi pumau. I whakamahia te tikanga Coomassie Brilliant Blue. I inehia te nui o te pūmua wairewa mā te whakamahi i te inenga ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 595 nm, ā, i tatauhia i runga i te pihi paerewa o te albumin toto kau.
Paunahia te 0.5 karamu o te tauira hou, tāpirihia he 5 ml o te 10% waikawa acetic, hurihia kia rite te tae, tātarihia, ka whakaranua kia pumau te rōrahi. I whakamahia te tikanga whakawhanake tae me te otinga ninhydrin. I whakatauhia te nui o te waikawa amino kore utu mā te ine UV-kitea (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te 570 nm, ā, i tatauhia i runga i te pihi paerewa leucine28.
Paunahia te 0.5 karamu o tētahi tauira hou, tāpirihia he 5 ml o te otinga 3% o te waikawa sulfosalicylic, whakamahanahia ki roto i te kaukau wai, ka rūrū mō te 10 meneti. I muri i te whakamatao, ka tātarihia te otinga, ā, ka whakahokia ki tētahi rōrahi pumau. I whakamahia te tikanga colorimetric me te ninhydrin waikawa. I whakatauhia te nui o te proline mā te spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 520 nm, ā, i tatauhia i runga i te pihi paerewa proline29.
I whakatauhia te nui o te saponin mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai mahi-teitei, e pā ana ki te Pharmacopoeia o te Repupiripia o Haina (putanga 2015). Ko te kaupapa matua o te chromatography wai mahi-teitei ko te whakamahi i te wai pēhanga-teitei hei wāhanga nekeneke, me te whakamahi i te hangarau wehenga matūriki tino pai o te chromatography pou mahi-teitei ki te wāhanga tūmau. Ko te tikanga whakahaere e whai ake nei:
Ngā Āhuatanga HPLC me te Whakamātautau Whaitake o te Pūnaha (Ripanga 1): Whakamahia te octadecylsilane bound silica gel hei whakakī, te acetonitrile hei wāhanga nekeneke A, me te wai hei wāhanga nekeneke B. Whakahaerehia te gradient elution e whakaaturia ana i te ripanga i raro nei. Ko te roangaru kitenga he 203 nm. E ai ki te tihi R1 o te tapeke o ngā saponins o Panax notoginseng, me 4000 te iti rawa o te maha o ngā pereti ariā.
Te whakarite i te otinga paerewa: Paunatia tika te ginsenoside Rg1, te ginsenoside Rb1 me te notoginsenoside R1, kātahi ka tāpirihia te methanol hei whakarite i tētahi ranunga kei roto ko te 0.4 mg o te ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg o te ginsenoside Rb1 me te 0.1 mg o te notoginsenoside R1 mō ia 1 ml o te otinga.
Te whakarite i te otinga whakamātautau: Taumahahia te 0.6 karamu o te paura ginseng Panax ka tāpirihia he 50 ml methanol. I paunatia te otinga whakauru (W1) ka waiho mō te pō. Kātahi ka kohuatia mārire te otinga whakauru i roto i te kaukau wai i te 80°C mō ngā hāora e 2. I muri i te whakamatao, paunatia te otinga whakauru ka tāpirihia te methanol kua oti te whakarite ki te papatipu tuatahi W1. Kātahi ka rūrūtia kia pai, ka tātarihia. Ka waiho te tātari hei tātari.
Kohia kia tika te 10 μL o te otinga paerewa me te 10 μL o te tātari ka werohia ki roto i tētahi mīhini tātari wai mahi teitei (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) hei whakatau i te nui o te saponin 24.
Pīkoi paerewa: te ine i tētahi otinga paerewa whakauru o Rg1, Rb1 me R1. He rite tonu ngā tikanga o te chromatography ki runga ake nei. Tātaihia te pīkoi paerewa mā te tuhi i te horahanga tihi i inehia ki te tuaka-y me te kukū o te saponin i roto i te otinga paerewa ki te tuaka-x. Ka taea te tatau i te kukū saponin mā te whakakapi i te horahanga tihi i inehia o te tauira ki roto i te pīkoi paerewa.
Paunahia te 0.1 karamu o te tauira P. notogensings ka tāpirihia he 50 ml o te otinga 70% CH3OH. I whakahaerehia te tangohanga ultrasonic mō ngā hāora e 2, ā, i muri mai ka whakahaerehia te centrifugation i te 4000 rpm mō ngā meneti e 10. Tangohia te 1 ml o te supernatant ka whakaranua kia 12 ngā wā. I whakatauhia te ihirangi flavonoid mā te whakamahi i te spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Haina) i te roanga ngaru o te 249 nm. Ko te Quercetin tētahi o ngā matū noa paerewa8.
I whakaritea ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Excel 2010. I whakamahia te pūmanawa tatauranga SPSS 20 hei whakahaere i te tātaritanga o ngā rerekētanga o ngā raraunga. I tuhia ngā pikitia mā te whakamahi i te Origin Pro 9.1. Ko ngā uara tatauranga i tatauhia ko te toharite ± SD. Ko ngā tauākī hiranga tatauranga e ahu mai ana i te P < 0.05.
I te wā i rehuhia ai te waikawa oxalic ki ngā rau, ka piki ake te nui o te Ca i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i te pikinga o te nui o te raima i whakamahia (Ripanga 2). Ki te whakatauritea ki te kore o te raima, ka piki ake te nui o te Ca mā te 212% i te tāpirihia o te 3750 kg/h/m2 o te raima me te kore e rehuhia te waikawa oxalic. Mō te nui o te raima i whakamahia, ka paku piki ake te nui o te Ca i te wā i piki ake ai te nui o te rehu waikawa oxalic.
Ko te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka kei waenga i te 0.22 ki te 0.70 mg kg-1. I te rehu kotahi o te waikawa oxalic, i te pikinga ake o te nui o te raima i tāpirihia, ka tino heke te nui o te Cd o te 2250 kg/h. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mana whakahaere, ka heke te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka mā te 68.57% i muri i te rehu ki te 2250 kg hm-2 raima me te 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic. I te whakamahinga o te raima kore me te 750 kg/h raima, ka tino heke te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng me te pikinga ake o te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic. I te whakamahinga o te 2250 kg/m2 raima me te 3750 kg/m2 raima, ka heke tuatahi te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka, kātahi ka piki ake me te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic. Hei tāpiritanga, i whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga taurite rua he pānga nui tō te raima ki te ihirangi Ca o ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), he pānga nui tō te raima ki te ihirangi Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), me te waikawa oxalic (F=7.72*).
I te nui o te raima i tāpirihia, me te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia, ka tino heke te nui o te MDA. Kāore he rerekētanga nui o te nui o te MDA i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng me te kore he raima i tāpirihia, me te 3750 kg/m2 o te raima i tāpirihia. I ngā tere tono o te 750 kg/h/m2 me te 2250 kg/h/m2, ka heke te nui o te raima o te 0.2 mol/L maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic mā te 58.38% me te 40.21%, ia, ki te whakaritea ki te kore he maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic. Ko te iti rawa o te MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) i kitea i te rehutanga o te 750 kg hm-2 raima me te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 1).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te nui o te malondialdehyde i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium. Kia mōhio: Ko te kōrero i roto i te pikitia e tohu ana i te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i te rehu (mol L-1), ko ngā reta iti rerekē e tohu ana i ngā rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā maimoatanga o te tono raima kotahi. tau (P < 0.05). Pērā i raro nei.
Haunga te paninga o te raima 3750 kg/h, kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te mahi SOD i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng. I te tāpiritanga o te raima 0, 750 me te 2250 kg/h/m2, ko te mahi SOD i te wā i rongoatia ai mā te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic i te kukū o te 0.2 mol/l he nui ake i te kore whakamahi i te waikawa oxalic, he pikinga ake mā te 177.89%, 61.62% me te 45.08% ia. Ko te mahi SOD i roto i ngā pakiaka (598.18 U g-1) te mea teitei rawa atu i te korenga o te paninga raima, me te wā i rongoatia ai mā te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic i te kukū o te 0.2 mol/l. I te wā i rehuhia ai te waikawa oxalic i te kukū kotahi, 0.1 mol L-1 rānei, ka piki ake te mahi SOD me te pikinga o te nui o te raima i tāpirihia. I muri i te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol/L, ka tino heke te mahi SOD (Pikitia 2).
Te pānga o te rehu i ngā rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te mahi a te superoxide dismutase, te peroxidase me te catalase i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium.
Pērā i te mahi SOD i roto i ngā pakiaka, ko te mahi POD i roto i ngā pakiaka i rongoatia me te kore raima, ā, i rehuhia ki te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic te mea teitei rawa (63.33 µmol g-1), he 148.35% teitei ake i te mana whakahaere (25.50 µmol g-1). I te pikinga ake o te kukū rehu waikawa oxalic me te maimoatanga raima 3750 kg/m2, i piki ake te mahi POD i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho. Ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga me te 0.1 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, i heke te mahi POD i te wā i rongoatia ai ki te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic mā te 36.31% (Pikitia 2).
Haunga te rehu i te 0.2 mol/l waikawa oxalic me te tāpiri i te 2250 kg/h/m2, 3750 kg/h/m2 rānei, he nui ake te kaha o te CAT i te mana whakahaere. I te rehu i te 0.1 mol/l waikawa oxalic me te tāpiri i te 0.2250 kg/m2, 3750 kg/h/m2 rānei, ka piki ake te kaha o te CAT mā te 276.08%, 276.69% me te 33.05%, ia, ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga kāore i rehuhia te waikawa oxalic. Ko te kaha o te CAT i roto i ngā pakiaka te mea teitei rawa (803.52 μmol/g) i te maimoatanga kore-raima me te maimoatanga waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol/L. Ko te kaha o te CAT te mea iti rawa (172.88 μmol/g) i te wā i rongoatia ai ki te 3750 kg/h/m o te raima me te 0.2 mol/L waikawa oxalic (Pikitia 2).
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga takirua he hononga nui te mahi CAT me te mahi MDA o ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng ki te nui o te waikawa oxalic, te raima rānei i rehuhia ki ngā maimoatanga e rua (Ripanga 3). He hononga nui te mahi SOD i roto i ngā pakiaka ki te maimoatanga raima me te waikawa oxalic, ki te kukū rānei o te rehu waikawa oxalic. He whakawhirinaki nui te mahi POD pakiaka ki te nui o te raima i whakamahia, ki te maimoatanga raima me te waikawa oxalic rānei.
I heke te nui o ngā huka wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka i te nui haere o te paninga raima me te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o ngā huka wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng kāore i pania te raima me te 750 kg/h/m o te raima. I te paninga o te 2250 kg/m2 o te raima, ko te nui o te huka wairewa i te wā i tukinotia ai ki te 0.2 mol/L waikawa oxalic he nui ake i tērā i tukinotia ai me te kore rehu waikawa oxalic, he pikinga ake mā te 22.81%. I te paninga o te 3750 kg h/m2 o te raima, i tino heke te nui o te huka wairewa i te mea ka piki ake te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia. Ko te nui o te huka wairewa i te wā i tukinotia ai ki te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic i heke mā te 38.77% i whakaritea ki tērā kāore i rehuhia te waikawa oxalic. Hei tāpiri, ko te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol·L-1 te iti rawa o te huka wairewa, arā, ko te 205.80 mg·g-1 (Pikitia 3).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te nui o te huka katoa wairewa me te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium.
I heke te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka i te nui haere o te paninga raima me te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic. Ki te kore he raima tāpiri, ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa i te wā i tukinotia ai ki te rehu waikawa oxalic i te kukū o te 0.2 mol L-1 i tino heke mā te 16.20% ki te whakataurite ki te mana whakahaere. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o te pūmua wairewa o ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i te wā i pania ai te 750 kg/h o te raima. I raro i ngā tikanga tono o te 2250 kg/h/m o te raima, ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa o te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol/L he nui ake i te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic kore-oxalic (35.11%). I te wā i pania ai te 3750 kg·h/m2 o te raima, i tino heke te nui o te pūmua wairewa i te pikinga o te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic, me te iti rawa o te nui o te pūmua wairewa (269.84 μg·g-1) i te wā i pania ai te rehu waikawa oxalic ki te 0.2 mol·L-1. maimoatanga (Pikitia 3).
Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu i roto i te pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i te korenga o te paninga raima. I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic me te tāpiritanga o te 750 kg/h/m2 o te raima, ka heke te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu i te tuatahi, kātahi ka piki ake. Ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga kāore i te pania te waikawa oxalic, ka piki ake te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu mā te 33.58% i te paniatanga o te 2250 kg hm-2 raima me te 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic. I heke nui te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu mā te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic me te tāpiritanga o te 3750 kg/m2 o te raima. I heke te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu o te maimoatanga pania waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 mā te 49.76% ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga kore-waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu te mea teitei rawa atu i te korenga o te pania waikawa oxalic, ā, ko te 2.09 mg g-1. Ko te rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol/L te mea iti rawa te ihirangi waikawa amino kore utu (1.05 mg/g) (Pikitia 4).
Te pānga o te rehu i ngā rau ki te waikawa oxalic ki te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu me te proline i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea cadmium.
I heke te nui o te proline i roto i ngā pakiaka i te pikinga ake o te nui o te raima i pania me te nui o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o te proline o te pakiaka ginseng Panax i te wā kāore i pania te raima. I te pikinga ake o te kukū rehu o te waikawa oxalic, me te pikinga ake o te 750, 2250 kg/m2 rānei o te raima, ka heke tuatahi te nui o te proline, kātahi ka piki ake. Ko te nui o te proline o te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 he nui ake i te maimoatanga rehu waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol L-1, e piki ake ana mā te 19.52% me te 44.33%, ia. I te tāpiritanga o te 3750 kg/m2 o te raima, ka heke nui te nui o te proline i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia. I muri i te rehu i te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, ka heke te nui o te proline mā te 54.68% ki te whakataurite ki te kore e rehu i te waikawa oxalic. Ko te ihirangi proline iti rawa i te wā i tukinotia ai ki te 0.2 mol/l waikawa oxalic, ā, i eke ki te 11.37 μg/g (Pikitia 4).
Ko te tapeke o te ihirangi saponin i roto i te Panax notoginseng ko Rg1>Rb1>R1. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te ihirangi o ngā saponin e toru me te pikinga o te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic me te kukū kāore i pania te raima (Ripanga 4).
I muri i te rehu i te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, he iti iho te nui o te R1 i te kore rehu i te waikawa oxalic me te whakamahi i te horopeta raima o te 750, 3750 kg/m2 rānei. I te kukū waikawa oxalic i rehuhia o te 0, 0.1 mol/L rānei, kāore he rerekētanga nui o te nui o te raima i tāpirihia. I te kukū rehu o te 0.2 mol/L waikawa oxalic, he iti iho te nui o te R1 i roto i te 3750 kg/h/m2 o te raima i te 43.84% me te kore tāpiri raima (Ripanga 4).
I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia, me te tāpiri i te 750 kg/m2 o te raima, ka piki tuatahi te ihirangi Rg1, kātahi ka heke. I ngā tere tono raima o te 2250 me te 3750 kg/h, ka heke te ihirangi Rg1 i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia. I te kukū kotahi o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia, i te pikinga ake o te nui o te raima, ka piki tuatahi te ihirangi Rg1, kātahi ka heke. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mana whakahaere, haunga te ihirangi Rg1 i roto i ngā kukū e toru o te waikawa oxalic me ngā maimoatanga raima 750 kg/m2, he teitei ake i te mana whakahaere, ko te ihirangi Rg1 i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i roto i ētahi atu maimoatanga he iti iho i te mana whakahaere. Ko te ihirangi mōrahi o te Rg1 i te wā i rehuhia ai te 750 kg/h/m2 o te raima me te 0.1 mol/l waikawa oxalic, he 11.54% teitei ake i te mana whakahaere (Ripanga 4).
I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic me te nui o te raima i pania ki te tere rere o te 2250 kg/h, ka piki ake te ihirangi Rb1 i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho. I muri i te rehu i te 0.1 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, ka eke te ihirangi Rb1 ki te uara mōrahi o te 3.46%, he 74.75% teitei ake i te kore rehu i te waikawa oxalic. Mō ētahi atu maimoatanga raima, kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā kukū rerekē o te rehu waikawa oxalic. I muri i te rehu ki te 0.1 me te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, i te pikinga ake o te nui o te raima, ka heke te ihirangi Rb1 i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho (Ripanga 4).
I te kukū kotahi o te rehu me te waikawa oxalic, i te pikinga ake o te nui o te raima i tāpirihia, ka piki ake te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho. Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids i te rehu i ngā kukū rerekē o te waikawa oxalic kāore he raima me te 3750 kg/m2 o te raima. I te tāpiri i te 750 me te 2250 kg/m2 o te raima, i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia, ka piki ake te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho. I te tono i te 750 kg/m2 me te rehu i te waikawa oxalic i te kukū o te 0.1 mol/l, ko te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids te mōrahi – 4.38 mg/g, he 18.38% teitei ake i te tāpiri i te nui o te raima, ā, kāore he take ki te rehu i te waikawa oxalic. Ko te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids i te wā i rongoatia ai ki te 0.1 mol L-1 rehu waikawa oxalic i piki ake mā te 21.74% ki te whakaritea ki te maimoatanga kāore he waikawa oxalic me te maimoatanga ki te raima i te horopeta o te 2250 kg/m2 (Pikitia 5).
Te pānga o te rehu rau ki te oxalate ki te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids i roto i te pakiaka o Panax notoginseng i raro i te ahotea cadmium.
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga takirua ko te nui o te huka wairewa o ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i whakawhirinaki nui ki te nui o te raima i pania me te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia. Ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa i roto i ngā pakiaka i hono nui ki te horopeta o te raima me te waikawa oxalic. Ko te nui o ngā waikawa amino kore utu me te proline i roto i ngā pakiaka i hono nui ki te nui o te raima i pania, te kukū o te rehu waikawa oxalic, te raima me te waikawa oxalic (Ripanga 5).
Ko te nui o te R1 i roto i ngā pakiaka Panax notoginseng i whakawhirinaki nui ki te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia, te nui o te raima, te raima me te waikawa oxalic i whakamahia. Ko te nui o ngā flavonoids i whakawhirinaki nui ki te kukū o te waikawa oxalic i rehuhia me te nui o te raima i tāpirihia.
He maha ngā whakatikatika kua whakamahia hei whakaiti i ngā taumata cadmium i roto i ngā tipu mā te whakapūmau i te cadmium ki roto i te oneone, pērā i te raima me te waikawa oxalic30. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te raima hei whakatikatika oneone hei whakaiti i ngā taumata cadmium i roto i ngā hua whenua31. I kōrero a Liang et al. 32 ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te waikawa oxalic hei whakaora i te oneone kua poke i ngā konganuku taumaha. I muri i te tāpiri i ngā kukū rerekē o te waikawa oxalic ki te oneone kua poke, ka piki ake te ihirangi o ngā mea rauropi o te oneone, ka heke te kaha whakawhiti cation, ā, ka piki ake te pH33. Ka taea hoki e te waikawa oxalic te tauhohe ki ngā katote konganuku i roto i te oneone. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea Cd, ka piki ake te ihirangi Cd i roto i te Panax notoginseng ki te whakataurite ki te mana whakahaere. Heoi, ki te whakamahia te raima, ka tino heke. I te whakamahinga o te 750 kg/h/m o te raima i roto i tēnei rangahau, ka eke te ihirangi Cd o ngā pakiaka ki te paerewa ā-motu (ko te rohe Cd ko Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), ā, he pai te pānga. Ko te hua pai rawa atu ka tutuki mā te tāpiri i te 2250 kg/m2 o te raima. Mā te tāpiri i te raima ka hangaia he maha o ngā wāhi whakataetae mō te Ca2+ me te Cd2+ ki te oneone, ā, mā te tāpiri i te waikawa oxalic ka whakaitihia te nui o te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka o Panax notoginseng. I muri i te whakaranu i te raima me te waikawa oxalic, ka tino heke te nui o te Cd o te pakiaka Panax ginseng, ā, ka eke ki te paerewa ā-motu. Ka mimitihia te Ca2+ i roto i te oneone ki te mata o te pakiaka mā te tukanga rere papatipu, ā, ka taea te mimiti ki roto i ngā pūtau pakiaka mā roto i ngā hongere konupūmā (ngā hongere Ca2+), ngā papu konupūmā (Ca2+-AT-Pase) me ngā ārai Ca2+/H+, kātahi ka haria whakapaetia. ki ngā pakiaka. Xylem23. He hononga kino nui i waenga i te nui o te Ca me te Cd i roto i ngā pakiaka (P < 0.05). Ka heke te nui o te Cd i te pikinga o te nui o te Ca, he rite ki te whakaaro o te whawhai i waenga i te Ca me te Cd. I whakaatuhia e te ANOVA he pānga nui te nui o te raima ki te nui o te Ca i roto i te pakiaka o Panax notoginseng. I roto i ngā kōrero a Pongrack me ētahi atu, ka herea te Cd ki te oxalate i roto i ngā tioata konupūmā oxalate, ā, ka whakataetae ki te Ca. Heoi, kāore i te nui te pānga whakahaere o te waikawa oxalic ki te Ca. E whakaatu ana tēnei ehara te maturuturunga iho o te konupūmā oxalate mai i te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+ i te maturuturunga iho noa, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te tukanga tāpiringa-tahi mā roto i ētahi ara pākia.
I raro i te ahotea cadmium, ka hangaia he nui o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) i roto i ngā tipu, ka pakaru te hanganga o ngā kiriuhi pūtau36. Ka taea te whakamahi i te ihirangi malondialdehyde (MDA) hei tohu hei aromatawai i te taumata o te ROS me te nui o te kino ki te kiriuhi plasma o ngā tipu37. Ko te pūnaha antioxidant he tikanga tiaki nui mō te kohikohi i ngā momo hāora tauhohe38. Ko ngā mahi a ngā whākōkī antioxidant (tae atu ki te POD, SOD, me te CAT) ka whakarerekētia i te nuinga o te wā e te ahotea cadmium. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he hononga pai te ihirangi MDA ki te kukū Cd, e tohu ana ko te nui o te peroxidation lipid membrane tipu ka hohonu ake me te pikinga o te kukū Cd37. He rite tēnei ki ngā hua o te rangahau a Ouyang et al.39. E whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau he nui te awe o te kotakota, te waikawa oxalic, te kotakota me te waikawa oxalic ki te ihirangi MDA. I muri i te whakapūngatanga o te 0.1 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic, ka heke te ihirangi MDA o Panax notoginseng, e tohu ana ka taea e te waikawa oxalic te whakaiti i te bioavailability o ngā taumata Cd me te ROS i roto i te Panax notoginseng. Ko te pūnaha whākōkī antioxidant te wāhi e mahi ai te mahi tango paitini a te tipu. Ka tangohia e te SOD te O2- kei roto i ngā pūtau tipu, ka whakaputa i te O2 kore-paitini me te H2O2 iti-paitini. Ka tangohia e te POD me te CAT te H2O2 mai i ngā kiko tipu, ka whakatere i te pirau o te H2O2 ki te H2O. I runga i te tātaritanga proteome iTRAQ, i kitea kua heke ngā taumata whakaaturanga pūmua o te SOD me te PAL, ā, kua piki ake te taumata whakaaturanga o te POD i muri i te paninga raima i raro i te ahotea Cd40. I tino pāngia ngā mahi a te CAT, te SOD me te POD i roto i te pakiaka o Panax notoginseng e te horopeta o te waikawa oxalic me te raima. Nā te rehu i te waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol L-1 i whakanui ake i te mahi a te SOD me te CAT, engari kāore i tino kitea te pānga whakahaere ki te mahi a te POD. E whakaatu ana tēnei ka tere ake te pirau o te ROS i raro i te ahotea Cd, ā, ka oti te tango i te H2O2 mā te whakahaere i te mahi a te CAT, he rite ki ngā hua rangahau a Guo et al.41 mō ngā whākōkī ārai-mate o te Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Ko te pānga o te tāpiri i te 750 kg/h/m2 o te raima ki te mahi a ngā whākōkī o te pūnaha ārai-mate me te ihirangi malondialdehyde he rite ki te pānga o te rehu ki te waikawa oxalic. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ka taea e te rehu waikawa oxalic te whakarei ake i ngā mahi a te SOD me te CAT i roto i te Panax notoginseng me te whakarei ake i te ātete ahotea o te Panax notoginseng. I whakaitihia ngā mahi a te SOD me te POD mā te rongoā ki te 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic me te 3750 kg hm-2 raima, e tohu ana ko te rehu nui o te waikawa oxalic me te Ca2+ ka pāngia pea e te ahotea o ngā tipu, he rite tonu ki te rangahau a Luo me ētahi atu. Wait 42.