Kua whakaarohia e te Tari Tiaki Taiao o Amerika (EPA) he aukati i te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga o te dichloromethane, e mōhiotia ana ko te dichloromethane, he whakarewa me te āwhina tukatuka e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ka pā nui te aukati kua whakaarohia ki te maha o ngā ahumahi, me te 100 ki te 250 miriona pauna o ngā matū i hangaia, i kawemai rānei i te tau 2019. Ko ngā whakamahinga torutoru e toe ana, tae atu ki te whakamahinga hei matū mō te hanga HFC-32, ka pāngia e ngā here tino kaha atu i ngā paerewa OSHA o nāianei.
I panuitia e te EPA ngā aukati me ngā here kua whakaarohia i roto i tētahi ture kua whakaarohia i tukuna i te 3 o Mei, 2023, 83 Fed. register. 28284. Mā tēnei whakaaro ka aukatia ngā whakamahinga katoa a te kaihoko mō te dichloromethane. Ka aukatia hoki te whakamahinga ahumahi me te arumoni o te dichloromethane, tae atu ki te wai whakawhiti wera, te āwhina tukanga rānei, me te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga hei whakarewa, haunga ngā whakamahinga motuhake tekau, e rua o ēnei he tino motuhake. Kei te mutunga o tēnei whakatūpato ngā whakamahinga kua aukatia me ngā whakamahinga kua whakakorehia. Ko ngā ture whakamahinga hou nui ā muri ake nei ka kapi pea i ngā whakamahinga kāore i roto i tētahi o ngā rārangi.
Ko ngā whakamahinga tekau kāore i hipokina e te aukati ka whakaoho i te whakaritenga kia whakatinanahia he Mahere Tiaki Matū i te Wāhi Mahi (WCPP) i runga i te paerewa OSHA mō te methylene chloride, engari me ngā herenga pānga matū o nāianei he 92% te iti iho i te mea e whakaaetia ana e te OSHA.
Tae noa ki te 3 o Hūrae, 2023 te wā e tukuna ai ngā kōrero a ngā rōpū whai pānga mō te ture kua whakaritea. I tono te EPA kia tukuna mai he kōrero mō ngā kaupapa e 44, tae atu ki te mea me whakakapi te whakaritenga WCPP i te aukati whakamahinga motuhake me te mea ka taea te whakarite i tētahi kaupapa aukati tere. Kua tono hoki te EPA kia tukuna mai he kōrero mō te mea ka taea ngā whakamahinga kua aukatia hei whakamahinga nui, nui rānei, nā te mea kāore he huarahi kē atu haumaru ake e wātea ana.
Ko tēnei te tuarua o ngā tono a te EPA mō ngā matū matua tekau e arohia ana ki te aromatawai mōrearea i raro i te Wāhanga 6 o te Ture Whakahaere Matū Paitini (TSCA). Tuatahi, he tono tēnei hei aukati i ngā whakamahinga katoa o te chrysotile. Ko te ture tuatoru e pā ana ki te perchlorethylene, kua arotakehia e te Tari Whakahaere me te Tahua (OMB) mai i te 23 o Pēpuere, 2023. Mai i te 20 o Poutū-te-rangi, 2023, kei te arotakehia e te OMB tētahi tauira ture whakamutunga mō te chrysotile (tirohia tā mātou whakatūpato).
I kitea i roto i tētahi aromatawai mōrearea o Hune 2020 ngā mōrearea koretake i roto i ngā āhuatanga katoa engari e ono i whakamahia ai te methylene chloride. Inaianei kua puta katoa ēnei e ono ki roto i te rārangi o ngā tikanga whakamahi kua whakaarohia kei raro i ngā whakaritenga a te WCPP. I whakaatuhia e te whakamāramatanga mōrearea kua whakahoutia o Noema 2022 he mōrearea koretake te dichloromethane katoa, kotahi anake te tikanga whakamahi (te tohatoha arumoni) kāore e pā ana ki te whakamāramatanga. Ka uru atu ki te aukati kua whakaarohia te tohatoha arumoni mō ngā kaupapa kua rāhuitia, engari kāore mō ngā whakamahinga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te WCPP. Nō te kitenga he mōrearea koretake te dichloromethane, e hiahiatia ana e te Wāhanga 6(a) o te TSCA kia whakamahia e te EPA ngā ture whakahaere mōrearea mō te matū ki te whānuitanga e tika ana kia kore ai e puta he mōrearea pēnei.
I mua, i aukatia e te EPA ngā kaihoko ki te whakamahi i te methylene chloride hei tango i te peita me ngā paninga, 40 CFR § 751.105. Kei te whakaaro te EPA ki te aukati i ngā whakamahinga katoa a te kaihoko kāore i hipokina e te wāhanga 751.105, tae atu ki te hanga, te tukatuka, me te tohatoha arumoni o te methylene chloride me ngā hua kei roto te methylene chloride mō ēnei kaupapa.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei te whakaaro te EPA kia aukatia ngā whakamahinga ahumahi me ngā whakamahinga arumoni katoa o te dichloromethane kāore e pāngia e ngā whakaritenga WCPP, tae atu ki te hanga, te tukatuka, te tohatoha arumoni, me te whakamahinga i raro i ēnei tikanga whakamahinga.
Kei te mutunga o tēnei whakatūpato e whakarārangi ana i ngā āhuatanga ahumahi, arumoni, me ngā āhuatanga kaihoko e 45 e whakaarohia ana kia aukatia. I tangohia tēnei rārangi mai i te Aromatawai Mōrearea 2020. Hei tāpiri, kei te whakamahere te EPA ki te whakatinana i tētahi Ture Whakamahinga Hou Hiranga (SNUR) ka pā ki ngā dichloromethane, ki ngā hua rānei kei roto te dichloromethane kāore i whakaurua ki te aromatawai mōrearea. Ko te kaupapa ture i whakaputaina i te marama o Hānuere e matapae ana i tētahi SNUR kua whakaarohia i mua i te Paenga-whāwhā 2023 (kua ngaro kē i te EPA taua rā) me tētahi SNUR whakamutunga i mua i te Poutū-te-rangi 2024.
E ai ki te whakatau a te EPA, tata ki te kotahi hautoru o te katoa o te hanga methylene chloride, ngā kawemai rānei mō te TSCA me ētahi atu whakamahinga, ka pā tēnei aukati ki a ia.
Kāore te ture kua whakaarohia e pā ki tētahi matū kua kore e whakaurua ki te whakamāramatanga o te "matū" i raro i te Wāhanga 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) o te TSCA. Kei roto i ēnei whakakorenga, engari kāore e herea ki… tētahi kai, tāpiringa kai, rongoā, whakapaipai, taputapu rānei, e ai ki te whakamāramatanga i roto i te Wāhanga 201 o te Ture Kai, Rongoā, me te Whakapaipai ā-Motu, ina hangaia, ina tukatukahia, ina tohatohahia rānei mō ngā kaupapa arumoni. . hei whakamahi i roto i ngā kai, tāpiringa kai, rongoā, whakapaipai, taputapu rānei…
Mō ngā piripiri i roto i te hanga pākahiko mō te whakamahinga hauora, e ai ki te whakamāramatanga i roto i te wāhanga 201(h) o te Ture Kai, Rongoā, me te Whakapaipai ā-Motu, ko aua whakamahinga kua tohua e kiia ana he "pūrere" mēnā "kua hangaia, kua tukatukahia, kua tohatohahia rānei hei whakamahi hei pūrere" ka tangohia mai i te whakamāramatanga o te "matū" ā, nō reira, kāore e pā ki te ture mēnā ka whakawhanakehia anō.
Ko te whakamahinga o te dichloromethane hei wai mahi i roto i tētahi pūnaha kati i roto i tētahi tukanga rongoā e hiahiatia ana kia whakamahia hei whakarewa tango i roto i te purenga rongoā, ā, kua whakatau a [EPA] kei raro tēnei whakamahinga i ngā tūāpapa o ngā whakamāramatanga i runga ake nei, ehara i te "matū" e ai ki a TSCA.
Te aukati i ngā kaupapa whakatenatena e aukati ana i te rokiroki o te methylene chloride me ngā hua kei roto ko te methylene chloride. E tono ana te EPA kia tukuna mai he kōrero mō te wā tāpiri e hiahiatia ana, hei tauira, hei horoi i ngā hongere tohatoha mō ngā hua kua aukatia. I runga i te tono mō ngā kōrero i nāianei, tera pea kāore te EPA e aro ki ngā tono whakaroa i tētahi atu rā.
E ai ki ngā Tikanga Whakamahinga Ārai 45, e whakamahia ana te methylene chloride i roto i ngā ahumahi maha, tae atu ki te whakarewa me te āwhina tukatuka. Nō reira, ki te whakaotihia te tono, ka pā ki ngā tini ahumahi. E whakaatu ana te Aromatawai Mōrearea 2020 i ētahi wāhanga o te tono:
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te dichloromethane, tae atu ki ngā hiri, ngā hua motuka, me ngā tango peita me te paninga. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana te dichloromethane hei whakarewa tukatuka i roto i ngā whakangawari peita me ngā tono paninga rongoā me te kiriata. Ka whakamahia hei kai pupuhi mō te polyurethane me te hanga i ngā hauhautanga hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) pēnei i te HFC-32. Ka kitea hoki i roto i ngā propellants aerosol me ngā whakarewa e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga hiko, te horoi me te tango hinu whakarewa, me te whakaotinga tāonga.
Ko te whakaaro kia aukatia te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga o te methylene chloride ka ara ake he pātai nui mō ngā huarahi kē atu ka taea. Ka whakaarohia e te EPA tēnei take i te wā e arotake ana i ngā huarahi kē atu, e whakaahuatia ana i roto i te kupu whakataki penei:
Hei whakatau i ngā tikanga whakamahi mō ngā hua kei roto i tēnei wā te methylene chloride, kua tautuhia e te EPA ngā rau o ngā momo whakakapinga kore-methylene chloride e wātea ana i te mākete, ā, ki te taea, kua whakarārangihia ō rātou hanganga matū ahurei, ngā kai rānei ki te Aromatawai Kōwhiringa.
Kua tautuhia e te EPA e 65 ngā hua rerekē i roto i te kāwai tango peita me te paninga, ā, ko te whakaoti taonga he wāhanga iti (tohutoro 48). E ai ki te tātari ōhanga, ahakoa kāore pea ēnei hua rerekē katoa e tika ana mō ngā kaupapa motuhake o ētahi tono whakatika taonga, ko ngā tikanga miihini, wera rānei he huarahi kē atu i te whakamahi i ngā hua kei roto ko te methylene chloride hei tango peita me te paninga. … …E whakapono ana te EPA kei te mākete ētahi huarahi kē atu e whai hua ana i te taha hangarau me te taha ōhanga…
[A] Kāore i te tautuhia ngā huarahi kē atu ki te methylene chloride hei āwhina tukatuka. Kei te tono te EPA i ngā mōhiohio mō ngā huarahi kē atu pea ki ngā āwhina tukatuka methylene chloride e pā ana ki ngā kōwhiringa whakahaere kua whakaarohia i raro i tēnei Whakaaetanga.
Ko te korenga o ngā huarahi kē atu kua tautuhia hei whakamahi hei tāpiri he raruraru pea. E whakaahua ana te EPA i ngā tikanga whakamahi penei:
Ko te whakamahinga ā-ahumahi, ā-pākihi rānei o te dichloromethane hei whakapai ake i te mahi a tētahi tukanga, taputapu tukanga rānei, ina tāpirihia rānei te dichloromethane ki tētahi tukanga, ki tētahi matū, ranunga rānei hei rongoā hei whakarerekē, hei ārai rānei i te pH o te matū, o te ranunga rānei. Kāore te kaihoko rongoā e uru ki te hua tauhohenga, ā, kāore e pā ki te mahi a te matū, te taonga rānei ka puta.
Ka whakamahia te dichloromethane hei "tāpiri tukanga" ā, ka whakamahia hoki hei reo whakawhiti wera i roto i ngā pūnaha kati. Mā te ture kua whakaarohia ka aukatia hoki tēnei whakamahinga o te dichloromethane ahakoa tōna iti o te kaha ki te pāngia. Heoi, e kī ana te kupu whakataki:
Kua tono te EPA kia tukuna mai he kōrero mō te whānuitanga o te whakatutukitanga a ētahi atu whakahaere e whakamahi ana i te methylene chloride hei āwhina tukatuka i te whakaritenga WCPP kua whakaarohia mō te methylene chloride. Mena ka taea e ētahi whakahaere te whakaatu mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā raraunga aroturuki me ngā whakaahuatanga tukanga kāore te whakamahinga tonu o te methylene chloride e whakaatu i ngā kaimahi ki te mōrearea nui, ka whakaū te EPA i tōna hiahia ki te whakaoti i tētahi ture e taea ai te haere tonu i raro i ngā tikanga [hei tauira, te whakamahi hei reo whakawhiti wera] me ngā tikanga whānui o te whakamahinga [hei āwhina tukatuka] i runga anō i te WCPP…
Nō reira, ko ngā kamupene e whakamahi ana i te methylene chloride i roto i ngā tono he iti te pānga, pērā i ngā wai whakawhiti wera, ka whai kōwhiringa ki te tono ki te EPA kia whakarerekē i te aukati kua whakaarohia mō taua whakamahinga kia hiahiatia te whakatinanatanga o te WCPP—mēnā ka taea e rātou te whakaatu ki te EPA ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga WCCP kua kōrerohia i raro nei. I kī anō te Tari Tiaki Taiao:
Mena kāore e taea e te EPA te tautuhi i tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i tēnei tikanga whakamahinga, ā, kāore hoki e whakarato i ētahi atu kōrero hei āwhina i te EPA ki te whakatau ka whakakorea e te WCPP tētahi mōrearea koretake, me whai i te Whakatakotoranga Tika.
E hiahiatia ana e te Wāhanga 6(d) kia tono te EPA kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga i te wā e taea ai, engari kaua e roa atu i te 5 tau i muri i te whakaputanga o te ture whakamutunga. Arā, ko taua whakamahinga ka āhei pea ki te whakaroa i te wā tutuki.
Mō ngā tikanga whakamahinga tekau kua whakarārangihia i raro nei, tae atu ki te whakaputa me te tukatuka hei whakaputa i te HFC-32, te hangarua me te whakakorenga, kua whakaarohia e te EPA ngā Mana Whakahaere Whakamārama i te Wāhi Mahi (arā, WCPP) hei huarahi kē atu i te aukati. Kei roto i ngā tikanga whakahaere ko ngā whakaritenga mō ngā here whakaaturanga, ngā wāhi whakahaere, te aroturuki whakaaturanga (tae atu ki ngā whakaritenga aroturuki hou e ai ki ngā mahi taiwhanga pai), ngā mahi tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, te tiaki manawa, te tiaki kiri, me te mātauranga. Ka tāpirihia e ēnei ture te paerewa methylene chloride OSHA 29 CFR § 1910.1052, engari he nui te hangai ki taua paerewa me tētahi huringa nui.
Ko ngā paerewa OSHA (i whakamahia tuatahitia i te tau 1997) he Herenga Whakaaetia (PEL) he 25 ppm (toharite taumaha wā 8-hāora (TWA)) me te Herenga Whakaaetia Wā Poto (STEL) he 125 ppm (TWA 15-meneti). Hei whakataurite, ko te Herenga Whakaaetia Matū TSCA (ECEL) o nāianei he 2 ppm (TWA 8 hāora) ā, ko te STEL he 16 ppm (TWA 15 meneti). Nō reira, ko te ECEL he 8% noa iho o te OSHA PEL, ā, ko te EPA STEL he 12.8% o te OSHA STEL. Me whakamahi ngā taumata whakahaere i runga anō i te ECEL me te STEL, ko ngā whakahaere hangarau te kaupapa matua, ā, ko te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro te huarahi whakamutunga.
Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko te hunga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te OSHA, kāore pea e tutuki i a rātou te ECEL me te STEL kua tūtohutia. Ko te ruarua mō te kaha ki te tutuki i ēnei herenga pānga tētahi take i ārahi ai te EPA ki te aukati i te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga ahumahi me ngā whakamahinga arumoni o te methylene chloride me ngā hua kei roto ko te methylene chloride.
Haunga ngā whakamahinga hanga me te tukatuka kua whakarārangihia, ka pā anō hoki ngā whakaritenga WCPP ki te whakakorenga me te tukatuka i te methylene chloride me ngā hua kei roto ko te methylene chloride. Nō reira, me neke atu ngā kamupene whakakorenga para me ngā kaihanga para kāore pea i te mōhio ki ngā whakaritenga a te TSCA i ngā paerewa OSHA.
I runga i te whānuitanga o te aukati kua whakaarohia me te maha o ngā ahumahi kaiwhakamahi ka pāngia pea, tera pea he mea nui ake ngā urupare mō tēnei ture kua whakaarohia i te tikanga. Ka tukuna ngā urupare ki te EPA i mua i te 3 o Hūrae, 2023. E taunaki ana te Whakataki kia tukuna tika ngā urupare a ngā whakahaere mō ngā whakaritenga pepa ki te OMB i mua i te 2 o Hune, 2023.
I mua i te tuku kōrero, me whakaaro pea ngā kamupene me ngā whakahaere hokohoko (mai i te tirohanga a ō rātou mema) ki ēnei mea e whai ake nei:
Tērā pea ka hiahia ngā kaikōrero ki te whakamārama taipitopito i tā rātou whakamahinga o te methylene chloride, ā rātou mana whakahaere hangarau hei whakaiti i te pānga, te kaupapa tutuki i ngā whakaritenga a te OSHA mō te methylene chloride, ngā hua o te aroturuki i te akuaku ahumahi o te methylene chloride (me tōna whakataurite ki te whakataurite ECEL me te STEL). ; ngā raruraru hangarau e pā ana ki te tautuhi, te whakawhiti rānei ki tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i te methylene chloride hei whakamahi mā rātou; te rā ka taea e rātou te whakawhiti ki tētahi atu huarahi (mēnā ka taea); me te hiranga o tā rātou whakamahinga o te methylene chloride.
Tērā pea ka tautokohia e ēnei kōrero te whakaroa i te wā e whakamahia ana e te EPA, te whakaritenga rānei kia whakakorehia ētahi whakamahinga o te methylene chloride i raro i te Wāhanga 6(g) o te TSCA. E kī ana te Wāhanga 6(g)(1):
Ki te kitea e te kaiwhakahaere…
(A) ko ngā whakamahinga kua tohua he whakamahinga tino nui, he whakamahinga nui rānei, ā, kāore he huarahi kē atu e taea ai te whakamahi hei whakakapi i te haumaru, i te taha hangarau, i te taha ōhanga hoki, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā tūponotanga me ngā pānga;
(B) ko te tutuki i tētahi whakaritenga e pā ana ki ngā tikanga whakamahinga motuhake ka tino whakararuraru i te ōhanga o te motu, te haumarutanga o te motu, ngā hanganga matua rānei; rānei
(C) Ko ngā tikanga kua tohua mō te whakamahinga o te matū, o te ranunga rānei, ka whakarato i tētahi painga nui ki te hauora, ki te taiao, ki te haumaru rānei o te marea, ina whakaritea ki ngā huarahi kē atu e wātea ana.
Whakaurua ngā tikanga, tae atu ki ngā whakaritenga pupuri tuhinga, aroturuki me te pūrongo e tika ana, ki te whānuitanga e whakatauhia ana e te Kaiwhakahaere he mea tika ēnei tikanga hei tiaki i te hauora me te taiao me te whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakawāteatanga.
E mea ana te kupu whakataki ka whakaarohia e te EPA te whakakore i te Wāhanga 6(g) mēnā kāore he huarahi kē atu e taea ana, ā, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga a te WCPP:
Heoi anō, ki te kore e taea e te EPA te whakatau i tētahi atu huarahi hei whakamahi mā tēnei āhuatanga [hei reo whakawhiti wera] ā, i runga i ngā kōrero hou, ka whakatau te EPA ka pā kino te aukati i te whakamahinga ki te haumarutanga ā-motu, ki ngā hanganga nui rānei, ka arotakehia e te Tari. Ka arotakehia e te EPA te whakawāteatanga o te Wāhanga 6(g) o te TSCA.
Ka taea e ngā kaitātari te tohu mēnā ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga a te WCPP, ā, ki te kore, ko ēhea ngā whakaritenga whakawhāiti whakaaturanga ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki.
Whakakape: Nā te āhua whānui o tēnei whakahoutanga, kāore pea ngā mōhiohio kua whakaratohia i konei e tika ana mō ngā āhuatanga katoa, ā, kaua e whakamahia me te kore he tohutohu ture motuhake e pā ana ki tō āhuatanga.
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