He mea nui te pungarehu houra i roto i te maha o ngā ahumahi, ā, e 60% o te whakamahinga o te ao e te ahumahi karāhe.
Ko te karāhe rau te wāhanga nui rawa atu o te mākete karāhe, ā, ko te karāhe ipu te tuarua o ngā wāhanga nui rawa atu o te mākete karāhe (Pikitia 1). Ko te karāhe whakahaere rā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā panera rā te wāhanga tino tere te tipu o te tono.
I te tau 2023, ka eke te tipu o te tono Hainamana ki te taumata teitei rawa atu o te 10%, me te tipu kupenga o te 2.9 miriona tāne. I heke te tono o te ao, haunga a Haina, mā te 3.2%.
Ka noho pumau tonu te kaha whakaputa pungarehu houra i waenga i te tau 2018 me te tau 2022, nā te mea kua whakaroahia te maha o ngā kaupapa whakawhānui kua whakaritea nā te mate urutā COVID-19. Inaa, i pāngia a Haina e te ngaronga kupenga o te kaha whakaputa pungarehu houra i tēnei wā.
Heoi, ko te tipu tino nui i roto i ngā wā tata nei ka ahu mai i Haina, tae atu ki te 5 miriona tāne o te whakaputanga hou (taiao) iti te utu ka tīmata te piki haere i waenganui o te tau 2023.
Ko Genesis ngā kaupapa whakawhānui nui rawa atu o te US i ngā wā tata nei, ā, ka eke te kaha katoa ki te 1.2 miriona tāne i te mutunga o te tau 2023.
Hei te tau 2028, e matapaetia ana ka tāpirihia he 18 miriona tāne o te kaha whakaputa hou puta noa i te ao, ko te 61% ka ahu mai i Haina me te 34% mai i te US.
I te pikinga ake o te kaha whakaputa, ka rerekē anō hoki te turanga hangarau. Kei te piki haere te wāhi o te pungarehu houra tūturu ki te kaha whakaputa hou. E matapaetia ana ka eke tōna wāhi ki te 22% i roto i te rahinga whakaputa o te ao i te tau 2028.
Ko ngā utu whakaputa o te pungarehu houra tūturu he iti iho i ngā utu whakaputa o te pungarehu houra hangai. Nō reira, ka huri anō hoki te āhua hangarau i te pihi utu o te ao. Ko te whakataetae e ahu mai ana i te tuku, ā, ka pā anō hoki te taunga whenua o te kaha hou ki te whakataetae.
He matū taketake te pungarehu houra e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakamahinga mutunga-whakamahinga e pā tata ana ki ō tātou oranga o ia rā. Nō reira, ko te tipu o te hiahia mō te pungarehu houra kua akiakihia e ngā ōhanga whakawhanake. Heoi, kāore te hiahia mō te pungarehu houra e akiakihia ana e te tipu ōhanga anake; kei te kaha hoki te rāngai taiao ki te whai wāhi ki te tipu o te hiahia mō te pungarehu houra.
Heoi, he uaua ki te matapae i te kaha tuturu o te pungarehu houra i roto i ēnei whakamahinga whakamutunga. He uaua ngā tūmanakohanga mō te whakamahi i te pungarehu houra i roto i ngā pākahiko, tae atu ki ngā pākahiko lithium-ion.
E pērā ana anō hoki mō te karāhe pūngao rā, ā, kei te whakahou tonu ngā tari pūngao o te ao i ā rātou matapae pūngao rā ki runga.
He mea nui te mahi a te hokohoko i roto i te hanga pungarehu houra, nā te mea kāore i te tata tonu ngā pokapū hanga ki ngā wāhi e nui ana te tono, ā, tata ki te hauwhā o te pungarehu houra e haria ana i waenga i ngā rohe nui.
He whenua nui a Te Hononga o Amerika, a Türkiye, me Haina i roto i te umanga nā tō rātou awe ki te mākete kaipuke. Ki ngā kaihanga o Amerika, ko te tono mai i ngā mākete kaweake te mea nui ake hei akiaki i te tipu i te mākete o roto kua pakeke.
I ngā wā o mua, kua whakapiki ake ngā kaihanga o Amerika i ā rātou mahi whakaputa mā te whakanui ake i ngā kaweake, me te āwhina a te hanganga utu whakataetae. Ko ngā mākete kaipuke nui ko te toenga o Āhia (haunga a Haina me te whenua iti o Īnia) me Amerika ki te Tonga.
Ahakoa te iti o tōna wāhi ki te hokohoko o te ao, he nui te pānga o Haina ki te mākete pungarehu houra o te ao nā ngā rerekētanga o ana kaweake, kua kite kē tātou i tēnei tau.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, i tāpirihia e Haina te kaha nui i te tau 2023 me te tau 2024, ā, i piki ake ai ngā tumanakohanga mō te nui rawa o te tuku, engari i eke ngā kawemai a Haina ki ngā taumata rekoata i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024.
I taua wā anō, i piki ake ngā kaweake o te US mā te 13% i ia tau i ngā marama tuatahi e rima o tēnei tau, ā, ko Haina te pūtake nui rawa atu.
Ka tino kaha te tipu o te tono i Haina i te tau 2023, ka eke ki te 31.4 miriona tāne, ko te nuinga nā te karāhe whakahaere pūngao rā.
Ka piki ake te kaha o te pungarehu houra o Haina mā te 5.5 miriona tāne i te tau 2024, ka hipa atu i ngā tumanakohanga tata nei mō te tono hou.
Heoi anō, kua hipa ake anō te tipu o te tono i ngā tumanakohanga i tēnei tau, me te tipu o te tono mā te 27% i ia tau i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2023. Mēnā ka haere tonu te tere tipu o nāianei, kāore e nui rawa te āputa i waenga i te tuku me te tono i Haina.
Kei te haere tonu te whenua ki te whakapiki i te kaha whakaputa karāhe pūngao rā, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke te katoa o te kaha ki te 46 miriona tana i te marama o Hūrae 2024.
Heoi, kei te āwangawanga ngā mana whakahaere o Haina mō te nui rawa o te kaha whakaputa karāhe rā, ā, kei te kōrero mō ngā kaupapa here whakawhāiti. I taua wā anō, i piki ake te kaha photovoltaic kua tāutahia e Haina mā te 29% i ia tau mai i Hanuere ki Mei 2024, e ai ki te National Energy Administration.
Heoi, e ai ki ngā pūrongo kei te ngaro haere te mahi a te umanga hanga waeine PV o Haina, ā, ka mutu te mahi a ētahi tipu huihuinga iti, ka mutu rānei te hanga.
I taua wā anō, he nui ngā mīhini huihui mōrahi PV o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, ko te nuinga nō ngā kaipupuri moni Hainamana, ā, he kaiwhakarato nui ēnei ki te mākete mōrahi PV o te US.
E ai ki ngā pūrongo kua mutu te hanga o ētahi whare hanga nā te whakakorenga a te kāwanatanga o Amerika i te hararei taake kawemai. Ko ngā whenua o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti ko ngā wāhi kaweake matua mō te karāhe rā o Haina.
Ahakoa kua eke te pikinga o te tono mō te pungarehu houra ki ngā taumata teitei rawa atu i Haina, he rerekē ake ngā āhuatanga o te tono mō te pungarehu houra i waho atu o Haina. Kei raro nei he tirohanga poto mō te tono i te toenga o Āhia me Amerika, e whakaatu ana i ētahi o ēnei au.
He tohu whai hua ngā tatauranga kawemai mō ngā au o te tono pungarehu houra i te toenga o Āhia (haunga a Haina me te whenua iti o Īnia) nā te iti o te kaha whakaputa ā-rohe.
I roto i ngā marama tuatahi e rima ki te ono o te tau 2024, i eke te nui o ngā kawemai a te rohe ki te 2 miriona tana, he 4.7% te nui ake i tērā o te wā kotahi o te tau kua hipa (Pikitia 2).
Ko te karāhe pūngao rā te tino pūtake o te tono mō te pungarehu houra i te toenga o Āhia, ā, tera pea ka whai wāhi pai anō hoki te karāhe pepa.
E ai ki te Pikitia 3, he maha ngā kaupapa hiko o te rā me te karāhe papatahi kua whakamaheretia i te rohe, ā, tera pea ka tāpirihia pea te hiahia mō te pungarehu houra tata ki te 1 miriona tāne.
Heoi anō, kei te pāngia anō hoki te umanga karāhe rā e ētahi wero. Ko ngā taripa tata nei pērā i ngā takoha ārai-tuku me ngā takoha taupatupatu i whakatakotoria e te Hononga o Amerika, tērā pea ka pā ki te hanga o ngā waeine photovoltaic i ngā whenua pērā i a Vietnam me Mareia.
Ko ngā utu mō ngā wāhanga i hangaia i Haina me tono ngā kaihanga o ēnei whenua ki te tiki wāhanga matua mai i ngā kaiwhakarato i waho o Haina kia kore ai e nui ngā utu. Ka piki ake ngā utu whakaputa, ka uaua te mekameka tuku, ā, ka ngoikore te whakataetae o ngā panera PV o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia i te mākete o Amerika.
E ai ki ngā pūrongo i whakamutua e ētahi kaihanga panera PV Hainamana i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia te whakaputa i te marama o Hune nā ngā taake, ā, tera pea ka mutu anō te whakaputa i ngā marama e haere ake nei.
He nui te whakawhirinaki o te rohe o Amerika (haunga te US) ki ngā kawemai. Nō reira, ko ngā panonitanga whānui o ngā kawemai he tohu pai pea mō te tono matua.
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga hokohoko hou i ngā āhuatanga kino o ngā kawemai mō ngā marama tuatahi e rima ki te whitu o te tau, he hekenga iho mā te 12%, arā, 285,000 tana mita (Pikitia 4).
Ko Amerika Te Raki te wāhi i tino heke ai, arā, 23%, 148,000 tāne rānei. Ko Mehiko te wāhi i tino heke ai. Ko te rāngai nui rawa atu mō te pungarehu houra i Mehiko, arā, ko te karāhe ipu, i ngoikore nā te ngoikore o te tono mō ngā inu waipiro. E matapaetia ana kāore e piki ake te tono mō te pungarehu houra i Mehiko tae noa ki te tau 2025.
I tino heke hoki ngā kawemai mai i Amerika ki te Tonga, mā te 10% i ia tau. Ko ngā kawemai a Argentina te mea tino heke, mā te 63% i ia tau.
Heoi, i te mea kua whakaritea kia whakatinanahia ētahi kaupapa konukōre hou i tēnei tau, tera pea ka pai ake ngā kawemai a Argentina (Pikitia 5).
Ina hoki, ko te konukōhatu konukōhatu te mea nui rawa atu e akiaki ana i te tono mō te pungarehu houra i Amerika ki te Tonga. Ahakoa ngā whakaaro kino o nāianei e pā ana ki te umanga konukōhatu hei rohe iti te utu, he pai te tirohanga mō te wā waenga me te wā roa.
Ko ngā utu kaweake o ngā kaiwhakarato nui e whakaata ana i ngā panonitanga o ngā whanaketanga o te mākete o te ao (Pikitia 6). Ko ngā utu i Haina te mea tino rerekē.
I te tau 2023, ko te utu kaweake toharite a Haina he US$360 mō ia tana metrika FOB, ā, i te tīmatanga o te tau 2024, ko te utu he US$301 mō ia tana metrika FOB, ā, i te marama o Hune, kua heke ki te US$264 mō ia tana metrika FOB.
I taua wā, ko te utu kaweake a Turkey he US$386 mō ia tana FOB i te tīmatanga o te tau 2023, US$211 noa iho mō ia tana FOB i te Hakihea 2023, ā, US$193 noa iho mō ia tana FOB i te Mei 2024.
Mai i Hānuere ki Mei 2024, ko te toharite o ngā utu kaweake o te US he $230 mō ia tana metrika FAS, he iti iho i te utu toharite ā-tau o te $298 mō ia tana metrika FAS i te tau 2023.
I te nuinga o te wā, kua whakaatu te umanga pungarehu houra i ngā tohu o te nui rawa o te kaha. Heoi, ki te taea te pupuri i te tipu o te tono i Haina i tēnei wā, tērā pea kāore te nui rawa o te tuku e tino kino pērā i te mea e wehingia ana.
Heoi, ko te nuinga o tēnei tipu e ahu mai ana i te rāngai pūngao ma, he kāwai e uaua ana ki te matapae tika i tōna pūmanawa tino tono.
Ka manaaki te wāhanga matauranga mākete matū o OPIS, arā, a Dow Jones & Company, i te Huihuinga Ao 17 o te Soda Ash i Malta mai i te 9-11 o Oketopa i tēnei tau. Ko te kaupapa o te hui ā-tau ko "The Soda Ash Paradox".
Ka huihuia e te Huihuinga o te Ao mō te Pungarehu Houka (tirohia ki te taha maui) ngā tohunga o te ao me ngā kaiārahi ahumahi mai i ngā rāngai mākete katoa ki te whakarongo ki ngā matapae a ngā tohunga mō te umanga pūngarehu houka me ngā ahumahi e pā ana, ki te matapaki i ngā whanaketanga o te mākete, ngā wero me ngā whai wāhitanga, me te tūhura i te pānga o ngā huringa o ngā au o te mākete o te ao, tae atu ki te pānga o te mākete Haina ki te ao.
Ka taea e ngā kaipānui o Glass International te whiwhi hekenga 10% mō ngā tīkiti hui mā te whakamahi i te waehere GLASS10.
Ko Jess te Etita Tuarua o Glass International. Kua ako ia i te tuhituhi auaha me te tuhituhi ngaio mai i te tau 2017, ā, i oti i a ia tana tohu i te tau 2020. I mua i tana urunga atu ki Quartz Business Media, i mahi a Jess hei kaituhi motuhake mō ngā kamupene me ngā whakaputanga maha.