Ko tēnei tuhinga he wāhanga o te kaupapa rangahau "Te whakamahinga o ngā huakita, te ātete huakita me te koiora iti o ngā kararehe kai". Tirohia ngā tuhinga katoa e 13
Kei te tino hiahiatia tonutia ngā waikawa rauropi hei tāpiri ki te whāngai kararehe. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, ko te arotahi ko te haumaru kai, inā koa te whakaiti i te maha o ngā mate pāwera i roto i ngā heihei me ētahi atu kararehe. He maha ngā waikawa rauropi kei te rangahauhia i tēnei wā, kei te whakamahia kētia rānei. I roto i ngā waikawa rauropi maha kua rangahauhia whānuitia, ko te waikawa formic tētahi o aua waikawa. Ka tāpirihia te waikawa formic ki ngā kai heihei hei whakawhāiti i te aroaro o Salmonella me ētahi atu mate pāwera i roto i te whāngai me te ara kai i muri i te horomitanga. I te tipu haere o te māramatanga ki te whai huatanga me te pānga o te waikawa formic ki te kai me ngā mate pāwera i roto i te kai, kei te mārama haere ko te aroaro o te waikawa formic ka taea te whakaoho i ngā ara motuhake i roto i te Salmonella. Ka uaua ake tēnei urupare ina uru te waikawa formic ki te ara kai, ā, ka taunekeneke ehara i te mea ko Salmonella anake e noho ana i te ara kai engari ko ngā tipu moroiti o te puku. Ka tirohia e te arotake ngā hua o nāianei me ngā tirohanga mō ētahi atu rangahau mō te moroiti o te heihei me te whāngai i rongoatia ki te waikawa formic.
I roto i te mahi kararehe me te heihei, ko te wero ko te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whakahaere e arotau ana i te tipu me te hua me te whakawhāiti i ngā mōrearea haumaru kai. I mua, ko te whakahaerenga o ngā paturopi i ngā kukū iti iho i te rongoā kua whakapai ake i te hauora, te oranga, me te hua o ngā kararehe (1–3). Mai i te tirohanga mahi, kua whakaarohia ko ngā paturopi e whakahaeretia ana i ngā kukū iti iho i te aukati ka ārahi i ngā urupare a te manaaki mā te whakarerekē i ngā tipu gastrointestinal (GI), ā, hei utu, i ā rātou taunekeneke ki te manaaki (3). Heoi, ko ngā āwangawanga tonu mō te horapa pea o ngā mate pāwera kai ātete ki te paturopi me tō rātou hononga pea ki ngā mate ātete ki te paturopi i roto i te tangata kua arahi ki te whakamutu haere i te whakamahinga paturopi i roto i ngā kararehe kai (4–8). Nō reira, ko te whanaketanga o ngā tāpiringa whāngai me ngā whakapainga e tutuki ana i te iti rawa o ētahi o ēnei whakaritenga (te whakapainga o te hauora kararehe, te oranga, me te hua) he mea nui mai i te tirohanga rangahau mātauranga me te whanaketanga arumoni (5, 9). He maha ngā tāpiringa whāngai arumoni kua uru ki te mākete kai kararehe, tae atu ki ngā probiotics, prebiotics, hinu kakara me ngā matū e pā ana mai i ngā momo puna tipu, me ngā matū pēnei i ngā aldehydes (10–14). Ko ētahi atu tāpiringa whāngai arumoni e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā heihei ko ngā bacteriophages, te konutea waikura, ngā whākōkī o waho, ngā hua whakakore whakataetae, me ngā matū waikawa (15, 16).
I roto i ngā tāpiringa matū mō te whāngai kai, ko ngā aldehydes me ngā waikawa waro ngā matū i tino rangahauhia, i whakamahia whānuitia hoki (12, 17–21). Ko ngā waikawa waro, inā koa ko ngā waikawa ngako mekameka poto (SCFAs), he hoariri rongonui ki ngā huakita pathogenic. Ka whakamahia ēnei waikawa waro hei tāpiringa whāngai, ehara i te mea hei whakawhāiti i te aroaro o ngā pathogens i roto i te whāngai, engari hei whai pānga kaha hoki ki te mahi gastrointestinal (17, 20–24). Hei tāpiri, ka hangaia ngā SCFA mā te whakapūkara e ngā tipu whekau i roto i te ara nakunaku, ā, e whakaarohia ana he mahi ā-pūnaha tā rātou i roto i te kaha o ētahi probiotics me prebiotics ki te ārai i ngā pathogens e kainga ana i roto i te ara nakunaku (21, 23, 25).
I roto i ngā tau, kua aro nui te aro ki ngā momo waikawa ngako mekameka-poto (SCFA) hei tāpiri kai. Ina koa, ko te propionate, te butyrate, me te formate te kaupapa o ngā rangahau maha me ngā tono arumoni (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Ahakoa i arotahi ngā rangahau o mua ki te whakahaere i ngā mate huakita i roto i te kai kararehe me te heihei, kua nekehia e ngā rangahau hou ake tā rātou arotahi ki te whakapainga whānui o te mahi kararehe me te hauora o te puku (20, 21, 24). Kua aro nui te aro ki te acetate, te propionate, me te butyrate hei tāpiri kai waikawa waro, i roto i ēnei ko te waikawa formic he kaitono whai hua hoki (21, 23). Kua aro nui te aro ki ngā āhuatanga haumaru kai o te waikawa formic, inā koa te whakaiti i te maha o ngā mate huakita i roto i te kai kararehe. Heoi, kei te whakaarohia hoki ētahi atu whakamahinga pea. Ko te whāinga whānui o tēnei arotake ko te tirotiro i te hītori me te āhua o nāianei o te waikawa formic hei whakapai ake i te kai kararehe (Pikitia 1). I roto i tēnei rangahau, ka tirohia e mātou te tikanga patu huakita o te waikawa formic. Hei tāpiritanga, ka tirohia tata atu e tātou ōna pānga ki ngā kararehe me ngā heihei, me te matapaki i ngā huarahi pea hei whakapai ake i tōna whai huatanga.
Pikitia 1. Mahere hinengaro o ngā kaupapa i hipokina i roto i tēnei arotake. Ko ngā whāinga whānui e whai ake nei i arotahi ki: te whakaahua i te hītori me te tūnga o nāianei o te waikawa formic hei whakapai ake i te whāngai kararehe, ngā tikanga patu huakita o te waikawa formic me te pānga o tōna whakamahinga ki te hauora o ngā kararehe me ngā heihei, me ngā tikanga pea hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga.
He mahi uaua te hanga kai mā ngā kararehe me ngā heihei, he maha ngā mahi e uru ana ki tēnei, tae atu ki te tukatuka ā-tinana o te witi (hei tauira, te mira hei whakaiti i te rahi o te matūriki), te tukatuka wera mō te whakapūkara, me te tāpiri i ngā matūkai maha ki te kai i runga i ngā hiahia kai motuhake o te kararehe (27). I runga i tēnei uauatanga, ehara i te mea miharo ko te tukatuka kai ka whakaatu i te witi ki ngā momo āhuatanga taiao i mua i te taenga ki te mira kai, i te wā e mira ana, ā, i muri mai i te wā e kawe ana me te whāngai i roto i ngā whāngai kai (9, 21, 28). Nō reira, i roto i ngā tau, kua kitea he rōpū tino kanorau o ngā moroiti i roto i te kai, tae atu ki ngā huakita me ngā bacteriophage, ngā harore, me ngā rewena (9, 21, 28–31). Ko ētahi o ēnei poke, pērā i ētahi harore, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā paitini kino e tūpono ana ki te hauora o ngā kararehe (32–35).
Ka rerekē pea ngā taupori huakita, ā, ka whakawhirinaki ki ētahi tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te wehe me te tautuhi i ngā moroiti me te pūtake o te tauira. Hei tauira, ka rerekē pea te āhua o te hanganga moroiti i mua i te maimoatanga wera e pā ana ki te pelleting (36). Ahakoa kua whakaratohia e ngā tikanga ahurea tawhito me te pereti whakakikorua ētahi mōhiohio, ko te whakamahinga hou o te tikanga raupapatanga whakatupuranga-muri (NGS) e ahu mai ana i te ira 16S rRNA kua whakarato i tētahi aromatawai whānui ake o te hapori moroiti kai (9). I te tirotiro a Solanki et al. (37) i te moroiti huakita o ngā witi witi i rongoatia mō tētahi wā i te aroaro o te phosphine, he fumigant whakahaere pepeke, i kitea e rātou he rerekē ake te moroiti i muri i te kotinga me muri i te 3 marama o te rokiroki. I tua atu, ko Solanki et al. (37) (37) i whakaatu ko Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, me Planctomyces ngā momo matua i roto i ngā witi witi, ko Bacillus, Erwinia, me Pseudomonas ngā momo matua, ā, he iti noa iho te ōwehenga o Enterobacteriaceae. I runga i ngā whakataurite whakarōpū, i whakatau rātou ko te whakapūngatanga phosphine i tino whakarerekē i ngā taupori huakita engari kāore i pā ki te kanorau harore.
I whakaatu a Solanki me ētahi atu (37) ka taea hoki e ngā pūtake kai te whai i ngā mate pāwera mai i te kai ka raru ai te hauora o te marea i runga i te kitenga o ngā Enterobacteriaceae i roto i te microbiome. Ko ngā mate pāwera mai i te kai pērā i te Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, me Listeria monocytogenes kua honoa ki te kai kararehe me te silage (9, 31, 38). Kāore i te mōhiotia i tēnei wā te pumau o ētahi atu mate pāwera mai i te kai i roto i te kai kararehe me te heihei. I tirotirohia e Ge me ētahi atu (39) neke atu i te 200 ngā kai kai kararehe, ā, i wehea a Salmonella, E. coli, me Enterococci, engari kāore i kitea a E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter rānei. Heoi, ko ngā matrices pērā i te kai maroke ka taea te whakamahi hei pūtake o te mate pāwera E. coli. I te rapu i te pūtake o te pakarutanga o te tau 2016 o ngā rōpū Escherichia coli (STEC) e whakaputa ana i te paitini Shiga, arā, ko O121 me O26 e pā ana ki te mate tangata, i whakamahia e Crowe et al. (40) te raupapatanga ira katoa hei whakataurite i ngā wehenga haumanu me ngā wehenga i whiwhi mai i ngā hua kai. I runga i tēnei whakataurite, i whakatau rātou ko te pūtake pea ko te paraoa witi mata iti-makuku mai i ngā mira paraoa. Ko te iti o te makuku o te paraoa witi e kī ana ka taea hoki e te STEC te ora i roto i te whāngai kararehe iti-makuku. Heoi, e ai ki a Crowe et al. (40), he uaua te wehenga o te STEC mai i ngā tauira paraoa, ā, me whai tikanga wehenga ārai mate hei whakaora i te maha o ngā pūtau huakita. Ka uaua pea ngā tukanga tātaritanga rite ki te kimi me te wehe i ngā mate urutā kai onge i roto i te whāngai kararehe. Ko te uaua o te kimi pea nā te roa o te noho o ēnei mate urutā i roto i ngā matrices iti-makuku. Forghani et al. (41) i whakaatu ko te paraoa witi i rongoatia i te pāmahana rūma me te werohanga ki te ranunga o ngā rōpū Escherichia coli enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) O45, O121, me O145 me Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, me S. Anatum) ka taea te ine i te 84 me te 112 rā, ā, ka kitea tonu i te 24 me te 52 wiki.
I ngā wā o mua, kāore anō kia wehea te Campylobacter mai i te kai kararehe me te heihei mā roto i ngā tikanga whakatipu tuku iho (38, 39), ahakoa ka taea te wehe ngāwari i te Campylobacter mai i te ara kai o te heihei me ngā hua heihei (42, 43). Heoi anō, he pai tonu ngā painga o te kai hei pūtake pea. Hei tauira, i whakaatu a Alves et al. (44) ko te werohanga o te kai heihei momona ki te C. jejuni me te penapena i te kai i ngā pāmahana e rua mō ngā rā e 3, e 5 rānei i hua ake ai te whakaoranga o te C. jejuni ora, ā, i ētahi wā, tae noa ki te tipu haere o aua mea. I whakatau rātou ka taea e te C. jejuni te ora i roto i te kai heihei, nō reira, ka taea pea te waiho hei pūtake mate mō ngā heihei.
Kua aro nuihia te poke o te Salmonella i roto i ngā kai kararehe me ngā kai heihei i ngā wā o mua, ā, kei te arotahi tonu ki ngā mahi tonu ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga kimi e tika ana mō te kai me te kimi i ngā tikanga whakahaere whai hua ake (12, 26, 30, 45–53). I roto i ngā tau, he maha ngā rangahau kua tirotiro i te wehenga me te tautuhi i te Salmonella i roto i ngā whare whāngai me ngā mira whāngai (38, 39, 54–61). I te nuinga, e whakaatu ana ēnei rangahau ka taea te wehe i te Salmonella mai i ngā momo kai whāngai, ngā pūtake kai, ngā momo kai, me ngā mahi hanga kai. He rerekē anō hoki ngā reiti horapa me ngā momo Salmonella matua i wehea. Hei tauira, i whakaū a Li et al. (57) i te aroaro o te Salmonella spp. I kitea i roto i te 12.5% ​​​​o ngā tauira 2058 i kohia mai i ngā kai kararehe katoa, ngā kai whāngai, ngā kai mōkai, ngā kai mōkai, me ngā tāpiringa mōkai i te wā kohikohi raraunga 2002 ki te 2009. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā momo tino kitea i roto i te 12.5% ​​o ngā tauira Salmonella i whakamātauhia he pai ko S. Senftenberg me S. Montevideo (57). I roto i tētahi rangahau mō ngā kai kua rite ki te kai me ngā hua taha o te whāngai kararehe i Texas, i kōrero a Hsieh et al. (58) ko te nuinga o te horapa o Salmonella i roto i te paraoa ika, ā, whai muri ko ngā pūmua kararehe, ko S. Mbanka me S. Montevideo ngā momo tino kitea. He maha ngā wāhi pea ka pāngia ai te whāngai i roto i ngā mira whāngai i te wā e whakaranu ana, e tāpiri ana hoki i ngā kai (9, 56, 61). I taea e Magossi et al. (61) te whakaatu he maha ngā wāhi ka pāngia ai te whāngai i te wā e whakaputa ana i te whāngai i te United States. Inaa, i kitea e Magossi et al. (61) te iti rawa i te kotahi te ahurea Salmonella pai i roto i te 11 mira whāngai (12 ngā wāhi tauira katoa) i roto i ngā kawanatanga e waru i te United States. I te mea ka pāngia pea te kararehe e te Salmonella i te wā e whakahaeretia ana te whāngai, e kawe ana, me te whāngaitanga o ia rā, ehara i te mea miharo te nui o ngā mahi e mahia ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā tāpiringa whāngai ka taea te whakaiti me te pupuri i ngā taumata iti o te parahanga moroiti puta noa i te huringa whakaputa kararehe.
Kāore i te tino mōhiotia te tikanga o te urupare motuhake a Salmonella ki te waikawa formic. Heoi, i tohu a Huang et al. (62) kei roto te waikawa formic i te whekau iti o ngā kararehe whakangote, ā, ka taea e Salmonella spp. te whakaputa waikawa formic. I whakamahia e Huang et al. (62) he raupapa o ngā whakarerekētanga mukunga o ngā ara matua hei kite i te whakaaturanga o ngā ira huaketo Salmonella, ā, i kitea e rātou ka taea e te formate te mahi hei tohu horapa hei akiaki i a Salmonella ki te whakaeke i ngā pūtau epithelial Hep-2. Nō nā tata nei, i wehea e Liu et al. (63) tētahi kaikawe formate, FocA, mai i Salmonella typhimurium e mahi ana hei hongere formate motuhake i te pH 7.0 engari ka taea hoki te mahi hei hongere kaweake kore mahi i te pH teitei o waho, hei hongere kawemai formate/hauwai ion kaha tuarua rānei i te pH iti. Heoi, i mahia tēnei rangahau ki te kotahi noa te momo serotype o S. Typhimurium. Kei te toe tonu te pātai mēnā ka whakautu ngā momo serotype katoa ki te waikawa formic mā ngā tikanga ōrite. He pātai rangahau nui tonu tēnei me aro atu ki ngā rangahau a meake nei. Ahakoa ngā hua, he mea tika tonu te whakamahi i ngā momo Salmonella maha, tae atu ki ngā momo momo maha o ia momo i roto i ngā whakamātautau tirotiro i te wā e whakawhanake ana i ngā taunakitanga whānui mō te whakamahinga o ngā tāpiringa waikawa hei whakaiti i ngā taumata Salmonella i roto i te whāngai. Ko ngā huarahi hou, pērā i te whakamahinga o te tohu ira hei whakakōwae i ngā momo hei wehewehe i ngā rōpū iti rerekē o te momo kotahi (9, 64), ka tuku i te whai wāhi ki te kite i ngā rerekētanga pai ake ka pā ki ngā whakatau me te whakamaoritanga o ngā rerekētanga.
Tērā pea he mea nui anō te āhua matū me te āhua wehewehe o te formate. I roto i ētahi rangahau, i whakaatu a Beyer et al. (65–67) ko te aukati i te Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, me te Campylobacter coli i honoa ki te nui o te waikawa formic kua wehea, ā, kāore i te whakawhirinaki ki te pH, ki te waikawa formic kāore anō kia wehea. Te āhua nei he mea nui anō hoki te āhua matū o te formate e pāngia ana ngā huakita. I tirotirohia e Kovanda et al. (68) ētahi rauropi Gram-kino me Gram-pai, ā, i whakaritea ngā kukū aukati iti rawa (MIC) o te konutai formate (500–25,000 mg/L) me te ranunga o te konutai formate me te formate kore utu (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). I runga i ngā uara MIC, i kitea e rātou ko te konutai formate he ārai anake ki a Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, me Streptococcus pneumoniae, engari kāore i te ārai ki a Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis rānei. He rerekē, ko te ranunga o te konutai formate me te konutai formate kore utu he ārai ki ngā rauropi katoa, ā, ka whakatau ngā kaituhi ko te waikawa formic kore utu te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga patu huakita. He mea whakamere te tirotiro i ngā ōwehenga rerekē o ēnei momo matū e rua hei whakatau mēnā he hononga te whānuitanga o ngā uara MIC ki te taumata o te waikawa formic kei roto i te tātai whakauru me te urupare ki te 100% waikawa formic.
I whakamātauhia e Gomez-Garcia me ētahi atu (69) ngā huinga o ngā hinu kakara me ngā waikawa waro (pērā i te waikawa formic) ki ngā momo momo Escherichia coli, Salmonella, me Clostridium perfringens i tangohia mai i ngā poaka. I whakamātauhia e rātou te whai huatanga o ngā waikawa waro e ono, tae atu ki te waikawa formic, me ngā hinu kakara e ono ki ngā momo momo poaka, mā te whakamahi i te formaldehyde hei mana whakahaere pai. I whakatauhia e Gomez-García me ētahi atu (69) te MIC50, MBC50, me te MIC50/MBC50 o te waikawa formic ki te Escherichia coli (600 me te 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 me te 2400 ppm, 4), me Clostridium perfringens (1200 me te 2400 ppm, 2), i roto i ēnei i kitea he whai hua ake te waikawa formic i ngā waikawa waro katoa ki te E. coli me Salmonella. (69) He whai hua te waikawa formic ki te Escherichia coli me Salmonella nā tōna rahi ngota iti me te mekameka roa (70).
I tirotirohia e Beyer me ētahi atu ngā momo Campylobacter i wehea mai i ngā poaka (66) me ngā momo Campylobacter jejuni i wehea mai i ngā heihei (67) ā, i whakaaturia mai ka wehea te waikawa formic i ngā kukū e rite ana ki ngā urupare MIC i inehia mō ētahi atu waikawa rauropi. Heoi, kua pātaihia te kaha whanaunga o ēnei waikawa, tae atu ki te waikawa formic, nā te mea ka taea e Campylobacter te whakamahi i ēnei waikawa hei matū (66, 67). Kāore i te miharo te whakamahinga waikawa o C. jejuni nā te mea kua whakaaturia he pākia kore-glycolytic tōna. Nō reira, he iti te kaha o C. jejuni mō te catabolism warowaihā, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te gluconeogenesis mai i ngā waikawa amino me ngā waikawa rauropi mō te nuinga o tana pākia pūngao me te mahi biosynthetic (71, 72). I whakamahia e tētahi rangahau tōmua nā Line me ētahi atu (73) tētahi huinga phenotypic kei roto 190 ngā pūtake waro, ā, i whakaaturia mai ka taea e C. jejuni 11168(GS) te whakamahi i ngā waikawa rauropi hei pūtake waro, ko te nuinga he takawaenga o te huringa waikawa tricarboxylic. Ko ētahi atu rangahau nā Wagli me ētahi atu. (74) mā te whakamahi i tētahi huinga whakamahinga waro āhuahanga i whakaatu ko ngā momo C. jejuni me E. coli i tirotirohia i roto i tā rātou rangahau ka taea te tipu i runga i ngā waikawa waro hei pūtake waro. Ko te formate te kaituku irahiko matua mō te pākia o te kaha manawa o C. jejuni, ā, nō reira, koia te pūtake kaha matua mō C. jejuni (71, 75). Ka taea e C. jejuni te whakamahi i te formate hei kaituku hauwai mā roto i tētahi matatini formate dehydrogenase e herea ana ki te membrane e whakapūmau ana i te formate ki te hauhā waro, ngā porotona, me ngā irahiko, ā, ka mahi hei kaituku irahiko mō te manawa (72).
He roa te whakamahinga o te waikawa formic hei whakapai ake i te whāngai paturopi, engari ka taea hoki e ētahi pepeke te whakaputa waikawa formic hei whakamahi hei matū tiaki paturopi. I kī a Rossini et al. (76) ko te waikawa formic pea he wāhanga o te wai waikawa o ngā pōpokorua i whakaahuahia e Ray (77) tata ki te 350 tau ki muri. Mai i taua wā, kua tino piki ake tō tātou māramatanga ki te whakaputanga waikawa formic i roto i ngā pōpokorua me ētahi atu pepeke, ā, e mōhiotia ana ināianei ko tēnei tukanga he wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha tiaki paitini matatini i roto i ngā pepeke (78). He maha ngā rōpū pepeke, tae atu ki ngā pī kore-wero, ngā pōpokorua koi (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ngā pīrere whenua (Galerita lecontei me G. janus), ngā pōpokorua kore-wero (Formicinae), me ētahi torongū pūrerehua (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), e mōhiotia ana ka whakaputa waikawa formic hei matū tiaki (76, 78–82).
Ko ngā pōpokorua pea te mea tino kitea nā te mea he waikawa kei a rātou, arā, he pūaha motuhake e āhei ai rātou ki te rehu i te paitini i titoa mai i te waikawa formic (82). Ka whakamahia e ngā pōpokorua te serine hei matū mua, ā, ka rongoa i te nui o te formate i roto i ō rātou repe paitini, he mea ārai kia tiakina ai ngā pōpokorua manaaki mai i te paitini o te formate tae noa ki te rehutanga (78, 83). Ko te waikawa formic e tukuna ana e rātou ka (1) mahi hei pheromone whakaoho hei kukume i ētahi atu pōpokorua; (2) hei matū tiaki i ngā kaiwhakataetae me ngā kaipahua; ā, (3) mahi hei kaihoko antifungal me te antibacterial ina honoa ki te kapia hei wāhanga o te rauemi kōhanga (78, 82, 84–88). He āhuatanga antimic te waikawa formic i hangaia e ngā pōpokorua, e kī ana ka taea te whakamahi hei tāpiringa ā-papa. I whakaaturia tēnei e Bruch et al. (88), nāna i tāpiri te waikawa formic hangai ki te kapia, ā, i tino whakapai ake i te mahi antifungal. Ko tētahi atu taunakitanga mō te whai huatanga o te waikawa formic me tōna whai huatanga koiora ko te kai a ngā pōpokorua nunui, kāore e taea te whakaputa waikawa puku, i ngā pōpokorua kei roto te waikawa formic hei whakarato i te waikawa formic kukū hei waikawa nakunaku rerekē (89).
Kua roa e whakaarohia ana, e rangahauhia ana hoki te whakamahinga tūturu o te waikawa formic i roto i te ahuwhenua. Ina koa, ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa formic hei tāpiri ki te whāngai kararehe me te silage. E kiia ana he haumaru te konutai formate i roto i te āhua totoka me te āhua wai mō ngā momo kararehe katoa, ngā kaihoko me te taiao (90). I runga i tā rātou aromatawai (90), i kiia he haumaru te kukū mōrahi o te 10,000 mg o te waikawa formic ōrite/kg whāngai mō ngā momo kararehe katoa, i te mea ko te kukū mōrahi o te 12,000 mg o te waikawa formic ōrite/kg whāngai i kiia he haumaru mō ngā poaka. Kua roa e rangahauhia ana te whakamahinga o te waikawa formic hei whakapai ake i te whāngai kararehe. E kiia ana he uara arumoni hei tiaki silage me te kaihoko antimicrobial i roto i te whāngai kararehe me te heihei.
Ko ngā tāpiringa matū pēnei i ngā waikawa he mea nui tonu i roto i te hanga silage me te whakahaere whāngai (91, 92). I kī a Borreani et al. (91) kia tutuki ai te whakaputanga tino pai o te silage kounga teitei, me pupuri tonu te kounga o te kai me te pupuri i te nui o te mea maroke. Ko te hua o tēnei arotautanga ko te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga i ngā wāhanga katoa o te tukanga whakatō: mai i ngā āhuatanga ā-hauora tuatahi i roto i te silo ki te whakapūtanga i muri mai, te rokiroki me te whakatuwheratanga anō o te silo mō te whāngai. Kua kōrerohia ngā tikanga motuhake mō te arotau i te hanga silage mara me te whakapūtanga silage i muri mai i roto i ngā wāhi kē (91, 93-95) ā, kāore e kōrerohia i roto i ngā taipitopito i konei. Ko te raruraru matua ko te pirau waikura i puta mai i ngā rewena me ngā pokepokea ai ina kei roto te hāora i roto i te silage (91, 92). Nō reira, kua whakaurua ngā werohanga koiora me ngā tāpiringa matū hei ārai i ngā pānga kino o te pirau (91, 92). Ko ētahi atu whakaaro mō ngā tāpiringa silage ko te whakawhāiti i te horapa o ngā mate pukupuku kei roto i te silage (hei tauira, te E. coli pathogenic, Listeria, me Salmonella) me ngā harore whakaputa mycotoxin (96–98).
I wehea e Mack et al. (92) ngā tāpiri waikawa kia rua ngā wāhanga. Ko ngā waikawa pēnei i te propionic, acetic, sorbic, me te benzoic ka pupuri i te pumau ā-aerobic o te silage ina whāngaihia ki ngā ruminant mā te whakawhāiti i te tipu o ngā rewena me ngā pokepokea ai (92). I wehea e Mack et al. (92) te waikawa formic mai i ētahi atu waikawa, ā, i whakaarohia he waikawa tika e aukati ana i te clostridia me ngā moroiti pirau me te pupuri tonu i te pumau o te pūmua silage. I roto i te mahi, ko ō rātou āhua tote ngā āhua matū tino noa hei karo i ngā āhuatanga waikura o ngā waikawa i roto i te āhua kore-tote (91). He maha ngā rōpū rangahau kua ako hoki i te waikawa formic hei tāpiri waikawa mō te silage. E mōhiotia ana te waikawa formic mō tōna kaha waikawa tere me tōna pānga aukati ki te tipu o ngā moroiti silage kino e whakaiti ana i te pūmua me te ihirangi warowaihā wairewa-wai o te silage (99). Nō reira, i whakaritea e He et al. (92) te waikawa formic ki ngā tāpiri waikawa i roto i te silage. (100) i whakaatu ka taea e te waikawa formic te aukati i te Escherichia coli me te whakaheke i te pH o te silage. I tāpirihia hoki ngā ahurea huakita e whakaputa ana i te waikawa formic me te waikawa lactic ki te silage hei whakaoho i te waikawa me te whakaputanga waikawa organic (101). Inaa, i kitea e Cooley et al. (101) i te wā i whakawaikawahia ai te silage ki te 3% (w/v) waikawa formic, i neke atu te whakaputanga o ngā waikawa lactic me te waikawa formic i te 800 me te 1000 mg waikawa organic/100 g tauira, ia. I arotakehia e Mack et al. (92) ngā tuhinga rangahau tāpiri silage me te taipitopito, tae atu ki ngā rangahau i whakaputaina mai i te tau 2000 i arotahi ki te waikawa formic me/ranei te whakauru i te waikawa formic me ētahi atu waikawa. Nō reira, kāore tēnei arotake e matapakihia ngā rangahau takitahi me te taipitopito engari ka whakarāpopoto noa i ētahi o ngā kōrero matua e pā ana ki te whai huatanga o te waikawa formic hei tāpiringa matū silage. Kua rangahaua ngā waikawa formic kāore i te buffered me te buffered, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka heke te Clostridium spp. Ko ana mahi whanaunga (te tango warowaihā, te pūmua, me te lactate me te tukunga butyrate), i te mea ka heke te whakaputanga haukini me te butyrate, ā, ka piki ake te pupuri i ngā mea maroke (92). He iti noa ngā herenga ki te mahi a te waikawa formic, engari ko tōna whakamahinga hei tāpiringa silage me ētahi atu waikawa te āhua nei ka wikitoria i ētahi o ēnei take (92).
Ka taea e te waikawa formic te aukati i ngā huakita pathogenic e tūkino ana i te hauora o te tangata. Hei tauira, i werohia e Pauly rāua ko Tam (102) ngā silo taiwhanga iti ki ngā L. monocytogenes kei roto e toru ngā taumata matū maroke rerekē (200, 430, me te 540 g/kg) o te raigrass, kātahi ka tāpirihia ki te waikawa formic (3 ml/kg) ngā huakita waikawa lactic rānei (8 × 105/g) me ngā whākōkī cellulolytic. I kōrero rāua i whakaitihia e ngā maimoatanga e rua ngā L. monocytogenes ki ngā taumata kāore e kitea i roto i te silage matū maroke iti (200 g/kg). Heoi, i roto i te silage matū maroke reo (430 g/kg), i kitea tonu ngā L. monocytogenes i muri i ngā rā 30 i roto i te silage i rongoatia ki te waikawa formic. Ko te whakahekenga o ngā L. monocytogenes i te āhua nei he hononga ki te pH iti, te waikawa lactic, me ngā waikawa kore wehewehe kua whakakotahitia. Hei tauira, i kī a Pauly rāua ko Tam (102) he mea tino nui te waikawa lactic me ngā taumata waikawa kāore i wehea, koinei pea te take kāore i kitea he whakahekenga o te L. monocytogenes i roto i ngā pāpāho i rongoatia ki te waikawa formic mai i ngā silage he nui ake te ihirangi o ngā mea maroke. Me whakahaere ngā rangahau rite i te heke mai mō ētahi atu mate pāwera silage noa pēnei i a Salmonella me te E. coli pathogenic. Mā te tātari raupapa 16S rDNA whānui ake o te hapori moroiti silage katoa ka āwhina pea ki te tautuhi i ngā huringa o te taupori moroiti silage whānui e puta ana i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whakapūtanga silage i te aroaro o te waikawa formic (103). Mā te whiwhi raraunga microbiome ka tautoko pea i te tātari hei matapae pai ake i te ahunga whakamua o te whakapūtanga silage me te whakawhanake i ngā huinga tāpiri tino pai hei pupuri i te kounga silage teitei.
I roto i ngā whāngai kararehe e ahu mai ana i te witi, ka whakamahia te waikawa formic hei kaihoko antimicrobial hei whakawhāiti i ngā taumata pathogens i roto i ngā momo matrices whāngai i ahu mai i te witi me ētahi kai whāngai pēnei i ngā hua taha kararehe. Ka taea te wehewehe whānui i ngā pānga ki ngā taupori pathogens i roto i te heihei me ētahi atu kararehe ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ngā pānga tika ki te taupori pathogens o te whāngai tonu me ngā pānga ā-kore ki ngā pathogens e noho ana i te ara gastrointestinal o ngā kararehe i muri i te kai i te whāngai i rongoatia (20, 21, 104). He mārama, he hononga ēnei wāhanga e rua, nā te mea ko te whakaiti i ngā pathogens i roto i te whāngai me hua ake he whakaiti i te noho koroni ina kai te kararehe i te whāngai. Heoi, ko ngā āhuatanga antimicrobial o tētahi waikawa motuhake i tāpirihia ki te matrix whāngai ka taea te awe e ētahi āhuatanga, pēnei i te hanganga o te whāngai me te āhua i tāpirihia ai te waikawa (21, 105).
I ngā wā o mua, ko te whakamahinga o te waikawa formic me ētahi atu waikawa e pā ana i aro nui ki te whakahaere tika i te Salmonella i roto i te whāngai kararehe me te heihei (21). Kua whakarāpopototia ngā hua o ēnei rangahau i roto i ētahi arotake i whakaputaina i ngā wā rerekē (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), nō reira ko ētahi noa o ngā kitenga matua mai i ēnei rangahau ka matapakihia i roto i tēnei arotake. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu ko te mahi patu huakita o te waikawa formic i roto i ngā matrices whāngai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te horopeta me te wā o te pānga ki te waikawa formic, te nui o te makuku o te matrices whāngai, me te kukū huakita i roto i te whāngai me te ara gastrointestinal o te kararehe (19, 21, 107–109). Ko te momo matrix whāngai me te pūtake o ngā kai whāngai kararehe he mea awe anō hoki. Nō reira, he maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu he rerekē pea ngā taumata o ngā paitini huakita i wehea mai i ngā hua taha kararehe i ērā i wehea mai i ngā hua taha tipu (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Heoi, ko ngā rerekētanga o te urupare ki ngā waikawa pēnei i te waikawa formic e pā ana ki ngā rerekētanga o te oranga o te serovar i roto i te kai me te pāmahana e tukatukahia ai te kai (19, 113, 114). Ko ngā rerekētanga o te urupare a te serovar ki te maimoatanga waikawa he take anō hoki pea i roto i te poke o te heihei ki te kai poke (113, 115), ā, ko ngā rerekētanga o te whakaaturanga ira virulence (116) he wāhi anō pea. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te manawanui waikawa ka pā ki te kitenga o te Salmonella i roto i ngā pāpāho ahurea mena kāore i te rawaka te parenga o ngā waikawa e ahu mai ana i te kai (21, 105, 117–122). Ko te āhua tinana o te kai (e pā ana ki te rahi o te matūriki) ka pā anō hoki ki te wātea o te waikawa formic i roto i te ara gastrointestinal (123).
He mea nui anō hoki ngā rautaki hei arotau i te mahi patu huakita o te waikawa formic i tāpirihia ki te whāngai. Kua whakaarohia kia nui ake ngā kukū o te waikawa mō ngā kai whāngai poke nui i mua i te whakaranu whāngai hei whakaiti i te kino pea ki ngā taputapu mira whāngai me ngā raruraru ki te reka o te whāngai kararehe (105). I whakatau a Jones (51) he uaua ake te whakahaere i te Salmonella kei roto i te whāngai i mua i te horoinga matū i te Salmonella e pā ana ki te whāngai i muri i te maimoatanga matū. Kua whakaarohia te maimoatanga wera o te whāngai i te wā e tukatukahia ana i te mira whāngai hei wawaotanga hei whakawhāiti i te poke o te Salmonella i te whāngai, engari e whakawhirinaki ana tēnei ki te hanganga whāngai, te rahi o te matūriki, me ētahi atu mea e pā ana ki te tukanga mira (51). Ko te mahi patu huakita o ngā waikawa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana, ā, ko te pāmahana teitei i te aroaro o ngā waikawa waro ka whai pānga aukati tahi ki te Salmonella, e kitea ana i roto i ngā ahurea wai o Salmonella (124, 125). He maha ngā rangahau mō ngā whāngai poke-Salmonella e tautoko ana i te whakaaro ko te pāmahana teitei ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o ngā waikawa i roto i te whāngai whāngai (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) i whakamahi i tētahi hoahoa honohono matua hei ako i te taunekeneke o te pāmahana me te waikawa (waikawa formic, waikawa lactic rānei) i roto i ngā momo Salmonella enterica me Escherichia coli e 10 i wehea mai i ngā momo whāngai kau, ā, i werohia ki roto i ngā pire kau kua waikawatia. I whakatau rātou ko te wera te mea nui e pā ana ki te whakaiti i te moroiti, me te waikawa me te momo huakita kua wehea. Ko te pānga mahi tahi me te waikawa kei te nuinga tonu, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pāmahana me ngā kukū waikawa iti iho. Heoi, i kite anō rātou kāore i kitea tonutia ngā pānga mahi tahi i te wā i whakamahia ai te waikawa formic, ā, i whakapae rātou ko te whakakorikori o te waikawa formic i ngā pāmahana teitei ake, ko ngā pānga ārai rānei o ngā wāhanga whāngai he mea nui.
Ko te whakawhāiti i te roa o te oranga o te kai i mua i te whāngai ki ngā kararehe tētahi huarahi hei whakahaere i te whakaurunga mai o ngā mate pāwera ki roto i te tinana o te kararehe i te wā e whāngai ana. Heoi, ina uru te waikawa i roto i te kai ki te ara kai, ka taea tonu e ia te whakamahi i tana mahi patu huakita. Ko te mahi patu huakita o ngā matū waikawa i tukuna ki waho ki te ara kai ka whakawhirinaki pea ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te kukū o te waikawa puku, te wāhi hohe o te ara kai, te pH me te nui o te hāora o te ara kai, te pakeke o te kararehe, me te hanganga whanaunga o te taupori moroiti puku (e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wāhi o te ara kai me te pakeketanga o te kararehe) (21, 24, 128–132). Hei tāpiri, ko te taupori noho o ngā moroiti anaerobic i roto i te ara kai (e kaha ana ki te ara kai o raro o ngā kararehe monogastric i a rātou e pakeke ana) ka whakaputa kaha i ngā waikawa waro mā te whakapūkara, ka whai pānga kino pea ki ngā mate pāwera e uru ana ki te ara kai (17, 19–21).
Ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau o mua i arotahi ki te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa rauropi, tae atu ki te formate, hei whakawhāiti i te Salmonella i roto i te ara kai o te heihei, kua kōrerohia whānuitia i roto i ētahi arotake (12, 20, 21). Ina whakaarohia ngātahitia ēnei rangahau, ka taea te mahi i ētahi kitenga matua. I kōrero a McHan rāua ko Shotts (133) nā te whāngai i te waikawa formic me te propionic i whakaiti i ngā taumata o te Salmonella Typhimurium i roto i te cecum o ngā heihei i werohia ki te huakita, ā, i inehia i te 7, 14, me te 21 rā o te pakeke. Heoi, i te wā i tirotirohia ai e Hume et al. (128) te propionate kua tohua ki te C-14, i whakatau rātou he iti noa te propionate i roto i te kai ka tae pea ki te cecum. Kāore anō kia whakatauhia mēnā he pono anō hoki tēnei mō te waikawa formic. Heoi, i tata nei, i kī a Bourassa et al. (134) i kōrero ko te whāngai i te waikawa formic me te propionic i whakaiti i ngā taumata o Salmonella Typhimurium i roto i te cecum o ngā heihei i werohia ki te huakita, i tauahia i te 7, 14, me te 21 rā o te pakeke. (132) i kī ko te whāngai i te waikawa formic i te 4 g/t ki ngā heihei parai i te wā tipu 6-wiki i whakaiti i te kukū o S. Typhimurium i roto i te cecum ki raro iho i te taumata kitea.
Tērā pea ka pāngia ētahi atu wāhanga o te ara kai o te manu e te waikawa formic. I whakaatu a Al-Tarazi rāua ko Alshavabkeh (134) ka taea e te ranunga o te waikawa formic me te waikawa propionic te whakaiti i te poke o Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) i roto i te hua me te cecum. I kite a Thompson rāua ko Hinton (129) i te mea he ranunga waikawa formic me te waikawa propionic e wātea ana i te mākete, ka whakanui ake i te kukū o ngā waikawa e rua i roto i te hua me te puku, ā, he patu huakita ki a Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 i roto i te tauira in vitro i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakatipu māngai. E tautokona ana tēnei whakaaro e ngā raraunga in vivo mai i a Bird et al. (135) i tāpirihia te waikawa formic ki te wai inu o ngā heihei parai i te wā nohopuku whakaata i mua i te tuku, he rite ki te heihei parai nohopuku i mua i te kawe ki te wheketere tukatuka heihei. Nā te tāpiritanga o te waikawa formic ki te wai inu i whakaitihia te maha o ngā S. Typhimurium i roto i te hua me te epididymis, me te whakaiti i te auau o ngā hua S. Typhimurium-pai, engari kāore i te maha o ngā epididymis pai (135). Mā te whakawhanaketanga o ngā pūnaha tuku ka taea te tiaki i ngā waikawa rauropi i a rātou e kaha ana i roto i te ara gastrointestinal o raro ka āwhina pea ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga. Hei tauira, kua whakaatuhia te microencapsulation o te waikawa formic me tōna tāpiritanga ki te kai hei whakaiti i te maha o ngā Salmonella Enteritidis i roto i ngā ihirangi cecal (136). Heoi, ka rerekē pea tēnei i runga i te momo kararehe. Hei tauira, kāore a Walia et al. (137) i kite i te whakahekenga o te Salmonella i roto i te cecum, i ngā kōpuku lymph rānei o ngā poaka 28-rā te pakeke i whāngaihia ki te ranunga o te waikawa formic, te waikawa citric, me ngā capsules hinu kakara, ā, ahakoa i whakaitihia te tukunga o Salmonella i roto i ngā paru i te rā 14, kāore i whakaitihia i te rā 28. I whakaatuhia e rātou kua āraihia te tuku whakapae o Salmonella i waenga i ngā poaka.
Ahakoa ko ngā rangahau mō te waikawa formic hei rongoā patu huakita i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua kararehe i aro nui ki te Salmonella e ahu mai ana i te kai, kei reira anō ētahi rangahau e aro ana ki ētahi atu mate puku. E kī ana ngā rangahau in vitro a Kovanda et al. (68) he whai hua pea te waikawa formic ki ētahi atu mate puku e ahu mai ana i te kai, tae atu ki te Escherichia coli me te Campylobacter jejuni. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua ko ngā waikawa waro (hei tauira, te waikawa lactic) me ngā ranunga arumoni kei roto te waikawa formic hei whakauru ka taea te whakaiti i ngā taumata Campylobacter i roto i te heihei (135, 138). Heoi, e ai ki tā Beyer et al. (67) i kōrero ai i mua, me tupato pea te whakamahinga o te waikawa formic hei rongoā patu huakita ki te Campylobacter. He tino raruraru tēnei kitenga mō te tāpiringa kai i roto i te heihei nā te mea ko te waikawa formic te pūtake pūngao manawa tuatahi mō C. jejuni. Hei tāpiri, ko tētahi wāhanga o tōna wāhi puku e whakaarohia ana nā te whāngai-pākia me ngā hua whakapūkara waikawa whakauru i hangaia e ngā huakita puku, pērā i te formate (139). He pūtake tēnei tirohanga. Nā te mea he chemoattractant te formate mō te C. jejuni, kua whakaitihia e ngā momo whakarerekētanga takirua he hapa kei roto i te formate dehydrogenase me te hydrogenase te tere o te noho o te cecal i roto i ngā heihei broiler ki te whakataurite ki ngā momo C. jejuni mohoao (140, 141). Kāore anō kia mārama te nui o te pānga o te tāpiringa waikawa formic o waho ki te noho o te ara kai e te C. jejuni i roto i ngā heihei. Tērā pea he iti ake ngā kukū formate gastrointestinal tūturu nā te catabolism formate e ētahi atu huakita gastrointestinal, te mimiti formate rānei i te ara kai o runga, nō reira he maha ngā taurangi ka pā ki tēnei. Hei tāpiri, ko te formate he hua whakapūkara pea i hangaia e ētahi huakita gastrointestinal, ka pā pea ki ngā taumata formate gastrointestinal katoa. Mā te ine i te formate i roto i ngā ihirangi gastrointestinal me te tautuhi i ngā ira formate dehydrogenase mā te whakamahi i te metagenomics ka whakamārama pea i ētahi āhuatanga o te rauropi o ngā moroiti whakaputa formate.
I whakaritea e Roth et al. (142) ngā pānga o te whāngai i ngā heihei parai ki te paturopi enrofloxacin, ki te ranunga rānei o ngā waikawa formic, acetic, me te propionic ki te horapa o te Escherichia coli ātete-paturopi. I tatauhia ngā momo E. coli katoa me ngā momo ātete-paturopi i roto i ngā tauira paru i kohikohia mai i ngā heihei parai 1-rā te pakeke, me ngā tauira ihirangi cecal mai i ngā heihei parai 14- me te 38-rā te pakeke. I whakamatautauria ngā momo E. coli mō te ātete ki te ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, me te tetracycline e ai ki ngā wāhi pakaru kua whakatauhia i mua mō ia paturopi. I te wā i inehia ai, i whakaahuahia ai hoki ngā taupori E. coli, kāore te enrofloxacin me te tāpiringa waikawa i whakarerekē i te tapeke o te E. coli i wehea mai i te ceca o ngā heihei parai 17- me te 28-rā te pakeke. Ko ngā manu i whāngaihia ki te kai tāpiri enrofloxacin, he nui ake ngā taumata o te E. coli ātete ki te ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, me te tetracycline, ā, he iti iho ngā taumata o te E. coli ātete ki te cefotaxime i roto i te ceca. Ko ngā manu i whāngaihia ki te inu he iti iho te maha o te E. coli ātete ki te ampicillin me te tetracycline i roto i te ceca ki te whakataurite ki ngā mana whakahaere me ngā manu i tāpirihia ki te enrofloxacin. Ko ngā manu i whāngaihia ki te waikawa whakaranu he iti iho hoki te maha o te E. coli ātete ki te ciprofloxacin me te sulfamethoxazole i roto i te cecum ki te whakataurite ki ngā manu i whāngaihia ki te enrofloxacin. Kāore anō kia mārama te tikanga e whakaitihia ai e ngā waikawa te maha o te E. coli ātete ki te paturopi me te kore e whakaiti i te tapeke o te E. coli. Heoi, he rite tonu ngā hua o te rangahau a Roth et al. ki ērā o te rōpū enrofloxacin. (142) He tohu pea tēnei mō te iti o te horapa o ngā ira ātete ki te paturopi i roto i te E. coli, pērā i ngā aukati hononga-plasmid i whakaahuahia e Cabezon et al. (143). He mea whakamere te whakahaere i tētahi tātaritanga hōhonu ake mō te ātete ki ngā paturopi i roto i te puku o te heihei i te aroaro o ngā tāpiringa kai pērā i te waikawa formic, me te whakapai ake i tēnei tātaritanga mā te aromatawai i te ātete puku.
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā tāpiringa whāngai antimicrobial tino pai mō ngā pathogens, ko te mea pai ko te iti o te pānga ki ngā tipu puku whānui, inā koa ki ngā microbiota e kiia ana he pai ki te manaaki. Heoi, ka taea e ngā waikawa rauropi e tukuna ana i waho te pā kino ki ngā microbiota puku noho, ā, ki tētahi taumata ka whakakore i ō rātou āhuatanga tiaki ki ngā pathogens. Hei tauira, i kite a Thompson rāua ko Hinton (129) i te hekenga o ngā taumata waikawa lactic o te hua i roto i ngā heihei whāngai i whāngaihia ki te ranunga o ngā waikawa formic me te propionic, e kī ana ko te noho o ēnei waikawa rauropi o waho i roto i te hua i hua ake ai te hekenga o ngā lactobacilli o te hua. E kiia ana ko ngā lactobacilli o te hua he arai ki a Salmonella, nō reira ko te whakakorenga o tēnei microbiota tipu noho ka kino pea ki te whakahekenga angitu o te noho o Salmonella i roto i te ara puku (144). I kitea e Açıkgöz et al. he iti ake pea ngā pānga o te ara puku o raro o ngā manu. (145) Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga i roto i te katoa o ngā tipu puku, i te maha rānei o ngā Escherichia coli i roto i ngā heihei parai 42-rā te pakeke e inu ana i te wai kua waikawahia ki te waikawa formic. I kī ngā kaituhi, tērā pea nā te hanganga o te formate i roto i te ara kai o runga i ahu mai ai tēnei, e ai ki ngā kitenga a ētahi atu kairangahau me ngā waikawa ngako mekameka poto (SCFA) i tukuna ki waho (128, 129).
Mā te tiaki i te waikawa formic mā te whakamahi i tētahi momo whakakī ka āwhina pea i a ia kia tae atu ki te ara kai o raro. (146) i kī ko te waikawa formic kua whakakīia ki roto i te microcapsule i whakanui ake i te nui o te waikawa ngako mekameka poto (SCFA) i roto i te cecum o ngā poaka ki te whakataurite ki ngā poaka i whāngaihia ki te waikawa formic kāore i tiakina. Nā tēnei hua i ārahi ngā kaituhi ki te kī ka taea e te waikawa formic te tae atu ki te ara kai o raro mēnā ka tiakina tika. Heoi, he maha atu ngā tawhā, pērā i te kukū formate me te lactate, ahakoa he teitei ake i ērā i roto i ngā poaka i whāngaihia ki te kai mana whakahaere, kāore i rerekē i te tatauranga mai i ērā i roto i ngā poaka i whāngaihia ki te kai formate kāore i tiakina. Ahakoa i whakaatu ngā poaka i whāngaihia ki te waikawa formic kāore i tiakina me te waikawa formic kua tata ki te toru ngā pikinga o te waikawa lactic, kāore i rerekē te maha o ngā lactobacilli i tētahi o ngā maimoatanga. Tērā pea ka kitea ake ngā rerekētanga mō ētahi atu moroiti whakaputa waikawa lactic i roto i te cecum (1) kāore i kitea e ēnei tikanga me/ranei (2) kua pāngia te mahi metabolic, nā reira ka whakarerekē i te tauira whakapūkara kia nui ake te waikawa lactic e whakaputaina ana e ngā lactobacilli noho.
Hei ako tika ake i ngā pānga o ngā tāpiringa kai ki te ara kai o ngā kararehe pāmu, me whakamahi i ngā tikanga tautuhi moroiti teitei ake. I ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, kua whakamahia te raupapatanga whakatupuranga-muri (NGS) o te ira RNA 16S hei tautuhi i ngā momo moroiti me te whakatairite i te kanorau o ngā hapori moroiti (147), ā, kua pai ake te māramatanga ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā tāpiringa kai me ngā moroiti ara kai o ngā kararehe kai pēnei i te heihei.
He maha ngā rangahau kua whakamahi i te raupapatanga microbiome hei aromatawai i te urupare a te microbiome gastrointestinal heihei ki te tāpiringa formate. I whakahaerehia e Oakley et al. (148) tētahi rangahau i roto i ngā heihei parai 42-rā te pakeke i tāpirihia ki ngā huinga rerekē o te waikawa formic, te waikawa propionic, me ngā waikawa ngako mekameka-waenga i roto i ā rātou wai inu, i ā rātou whāngai rānei. I werohia ngā heihei i werohia ki te momo Salmonella typhimurium ātete-waikawa nalidixic, ā, i tangohia ā rātou ceca i te 0, 7, 21, me te 42 rā te pakeke. I whakaritea ngā tauira cecal mō te 454 pyrosequencing, ā, i aromatawaihia ngā hua raupapatanga mō te whakarōpūtanga me te whakatairite ōrite. I te nuinga, kāore i tino pāngia e ngā maimoatanga te microbiome cecal, ngā taumata S. Typhimurium rānei. Heoi, i heke te nuinga o ngā reiti kitenga Salmonella i te pakeketanga o ngā manu, e ai ki te tātaritanga taxonomic o te microbiome, ā, i heke hoki te nui o ngā raupapatanga Salmonella i roto i te wā. E kī ana ngā kaituhi, i te pakeketanga o ngā heihei parai, ka piki ake te kanorau o te taupori moroiti cecal, ā, ko ngā huringa nui rawa atu o ngā tipu puku i kitea puta noa i ngā rōpū maimoatanga katoa. I roto i tētahi rangahau tata nei, i whakaritea e Hu et al. (149) ngā pānga o te inu wai me te whāngai i tētahi kai kua tāpirihia ki te ranunga o ngā waikawa waro (waikawa formic, waikawa acetic, waikawa propionic, me te ammonium formate) me te virginiamycin ki ngā tauira moroiti cecal mai i ngā heihei parai i kohia i ngā wāhanga e rua (1–21 rā me te 22–42 rā). Ahakoa i kitea ētahi rerekētanga i roto i te kanorau o te moroiti cecal i waenga i ngā rōpū maimoatanga i te 21 rā o te pakeke, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga i roto i te kanorau o te α-, β-huakita rānei i te 42 rā. I te korenga o ngā rerekētanga i te 42 rā o te pakeke, i whakapae ngā kaituhi ko te painga tipu pea nā te whakatūnga wawe o tētahi moroiti kanorau pai.
Ko te tātaritanga microbiome e arotahi ana ki te hapori microbial cecal, kāore pea e whakaata i te wāhi o te ara kai e puta ai te nuinga o ngā pānga o ngā waikawa rauropi kai. Ko te microbiome o te ara kai o runga o ngā heihei broiler, tera pea ka ngawari ake ki ngā pānga o ngā waikawa rauropi kai, e ai ki ngā hua o Hume et al. (128). I whakaatu a Hume et al. (128) ko te nuinga o te propionate i tāpirihia mai i waho i mimitihia ki te ara kai o runga o ngā manu. Ko ngā rangahau tata nei mō te tautuhi i ngā microorganisms gastrointestinal e tautoko ana hoki i tēnei tirohanga. I whakaatu a Nava et al. (150) ko te huinga o te ranunga o ngā waikawa rauropi [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], te waikawa formic, me te waikawa propionic (HFP) i pā ki te microbiota puku, ā, i whakanui ake i te noho o Lactobacillus i roto i te ileum o ngā heihei. Nō nā tata nei, i whakaatu a Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) i whakaatu ko te huinga o te ranunga waikawa waro [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], te waikawa formic, me te waikawa propionic (HFP) i pā ki te microbiota puku, ā, i whakanui ake i te noho o Lactobacillus i roto i te ileum o ngā heihei. (151) i ako i te whāngai i ngā heihei parai ki te ranunga o te waikawa formic me te waikawa propionic i ngā kukū e rua (0.75% me te 1.50%) mō ngā rā 35. I te mutunga o te whakamātautau, i tangohia te hua, te puku, te rua-hautoru o te ileum, me te cecum, ā, i tangohia ngā tauira mō te tātaritanga tau o ngā tipu me ngā matūkai motuhake o te puku mā te whakamahi i te RT-PCR. I roto i te ahurea, kāore te kukū o ngā waikawa waro i pā ki te nui o Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium rānei, engari i whakanui ake i te taupori o Clostridium. I roto i te ileum, ko ngā huringa anake ko te hekenga o Lactobacillus me Enterobacter, engari i roto i te cecum i noho tonu ēnei tipu (151). I te kukū teitei rawa o te tāpiringa waikawa waro, i heke te kukū katoa o te waikawa lactic (D me te L) i roto i te hua, i heke te kukū o ngā waikawa waro e rua i roto i te kākano, ā, i iti iho te kukū o ngā waikawa waro i roto i te cecum. Kāore he huringa i roto i te ileum. Mō ngā waikawa ngako mekameka-poto (SCFA), ko te huringa anake i roto i te hua me te kākano o ngā manu i whāngaihia ki ngā waikawa waro ko te taumata propionate. Ko ngā manu i whāngaihia ki te kukū iti o te waikawa waro i whakaatu i te pikinga tata ki te tekau ngā wā o te propionate i roto i te hua, engari ko ngā manu i whāngaihia ki ngā kukū e rua o te waikawa waro i whakaatu i te pikinga waru me te tekau mā rima ngā wā o te propionate i roto i te kākano. Ko te pikinga o te acetate i roto i te ileum he iti iho i te rua ngā wā. I te nuinga, e tautoko ana ēnei raraunga i te tirohanga ko te nuinga o ngā pānga o te tono waikawa waro o waho i kitea i roto i te hua, engari he iti noa ngā pānga o ngā waikawa waro ki te hapori moroiti o raro o te puku, e kī ana kua rerekē pea ngā tauira whakapūkara o ngā tipu noho o runga o te puku.
He mārama, me whai whakaahuatanga hōhonu ake o te microbiome hei whakamārama i ngā urupare microbial ki te whakaputa puta noa i te ara gastrointestinal. Mā te tātari hōhonu ake o te whakarōpūtanga microbial o ngā wāhanga gastrointestinal motuhake, inā koa ngā wāhanga o runga pērā i te hua, ka taea te whakarato i ētahi atu māramatanga ki te kōwhiringa o ētahi rōpū microorganisms. Mā ā rātou mahi pākia me te whākōkī ka taea hoki te whakatau mēnā he whanaungatanga hoariri tā rātou ki ngā pathogens e uru ana ki te ara gastrointestinal. He mea whakamere hoki te whakahaere i ngā tātaritanga metagenomic hei whakatau mēnā ko te pānga ki ngā tāpiringa matū waikawa i te wā e ora ana ngā manu ka whiriwhiri i ngā huakita noho "e manawanui ana ki te waikawa", ā, mēnā ko te noho me/ranei te mahi pākia o ēnei huakita ka tohu i tētahi atu arai ki te noho o ngā pathogens.
Kua roa te whakamahinga o te waikawa formic hei tāpiri matū i roto i te whāngai kararehe, hei whakawhaiti hoki i te silage. Ko tētahi o ōna whakamahinga matua ko tana mahi patu huakita hei whakawhāiti i te maha o ngā mate urutā i roto i te whāngai me tō rātou noho i roto i te ara kai o ngā manu. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau in vitro he tino whai hua te waikawa formic hei patu huakita ki a Salmonella me ētahi atu mate urutā. Heoi, ko te whakamahinga o te waikawa formic i roto i ngā matrices whāngai ka whakawhāitihia pea e te nui o ngā mea rauropi i roto i ngā kai whāngai me tō rātou kaha ārai. Te āhua nei he pānga whakahē te waikawa formic ki a Salmonella me ētahi atu mate urutā ina horomia mā te whāngai, mā te wai inu rānei. Heoi, ko tēnei whakahē ka puta tuatahi i te ara kai o runga, nā te mea ka whakaitihia pea ngā kukū waikawa formic i te ara kai o raro, pērā i te waikawa propionic. Ko te ariā o te tiaki i te waikawa formic mā te whakakīkī ka tuku i tētahi huarahi pea ki te tuku atu i te waikawa ki te ara kai o raro. I tua atu, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he pai ake te whai hua o te ranunga o ngā waikawa rauropi ki te whakapai ake i te mahi a te manu i te whakahaere i te waikawa kotahi (152). Tērā pea ka rerekē te urupare a te Campylobacter i roto i te ara kai ki te formate, nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakamahi i te formate hei kaituku irahiko, ā, ko te formate tōna pūtake pūngao matua. Kāore i te mārama mēnā he pai te whakanui ake i ngā kukū formate i roto i te ara kai ki te Campylobacter, ā, kāore pea tēnei e puta i runga i ētahi atu tipu ara kai ka taea te whakamahi i te formate hei matū.
Me whai atu rangahau hei tirotiro i ngā pānga o te waikawa formic gastrointestinal ki ngā moroiti gastrointestinal kāore e mate. He pai ake ki a mātou te aro motuhake ki ngā pathogens me te kore e whakararuraru i ngā mema o te microbiome gastrointestinal e whai hua ana ki te manaaki. Heoi, me whai tātaritanga hohonu ake tēnei o te raupapatanga microbiome o ēnei hapori moroiti gastrointestinal noho. Ahakoa kua whakaputaina ētahi rangahau mō te microbiome cecal o ngā manu i rongoatia ki te waikawa formic, me aro nui ake ki te hapori moroiti gastrointestinal o runga. Ko te tautuhi i ngā moroiti me te whakataurite i ngā āhuatanga ōrite i waenga i ngā hapori moroiti gastrointestinal i te aroaro, i te ngaro rānei o te waikawa formic, tera pea he whakaahuatanga kāore i oti. Me whai atu tātaritanga, tae atu ki te metabolomics me te metagenomics, hei whakaahua i ngā rerekētanga mahi i waenga i ngā rōpū rite te hanganga. He mea nui tēnei whakaahuatanga hei whakatū i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hapori moroiti gastrointestinal me ngā urupare mahi manu ki ngā whakapainga e hangai ana ki te waikawa formic. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā huarahi maha hei whakaahua tika ake i te mahi gastrointestinal me āhei te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki tāpiringa waikawa waro whai hua ake, ā, i te mutunga ka whakapai ake i ngā matapae mō te hauora me te mahi pai o te manu me te whakawhāiti i ngā mōrearea haumaru kai.
Nā SR tēnei arotake i tuhi me te āwhina a DD rāua ko KR. He nui ngā takoha a ngā kaituhi katoa ki te mahi i whakaaturia i roto i tēnei arotake.
E kī ana ngā kaituhi i whiwhi pūtea tēnei arotake mai i te Anitox Corporation hei tīmata i te tuhi me te whakaputanga o tēnei arotake. Kāore he awe o ngā kaituku pūtea ki ngā tirohanga me ngā whakatau i whakapuakina i roto i tēnei tuhinga arotake, ki te whakatau rānei ki te whakaputa.
E kī ana ngā kaituhi e toe ana i whakahaerehia te rangahau i te korenga o tētahi whanaungatanga arumoni, whanaungatanga pūtea rānei ka taea te whakamārama hei taupatupatu pānga pea.
E mihi ana a Tākuta DD ki te tautoko a te Kura Paerua o Te Whare Wānanga o Arkansas mā te Karahipi Whakaakoranga Tohunga, tae atu ki te tautoko tonu mai i te Kaupapa Pūtau me te Koiora Molecular o Te Whare Wānanga o Arkansas me te Tari Pūtaiao Kai. Hei tāpiri, e mihi ana ngā kaituhi ki a Anitox mō te tautoko tuatahi i te tuhi i tēnei arotake.
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