Mā ngā taputapu melamine ka taea e koe te noho i runga i tō papa me te kore e manukanuka kei pakaru ō ipu hiriwa. Tirohia me pēhea te hiranga o ēnei taputapu whai hua mō te kai o ia rā i ngā tau 1950 me tua atu.
He kairīpoata toa a Leanne Potts, ā, e toru tekau tau ia e mahi ana i ngā mahi hoahoa me ngā whare. He tohunga ia ki ngā mea katoa mai i te whiriwhiri i te tae o te rūma ki te whakatipu tōmato tuku iho me ngā takenga mai o te ao hou i roto i te hoahoa whare. Kua puta āna mahi ki HGTV, Parade, BHG, Travel Channel me Bob Vila.
He kaituhi, he kaiwhakaputa pukapuka, he kaititiro kōrero hoki a Marcus Reeves. I tīmata ia ki te tuhi pūrongo mō te maheni The Source. Kua puta āna mahi i roto i te The New York Times, Playboy, The Washington Post me Rolling Stone, me ētahi atu pukapuka. I whakaingoatia tana pukapuka, Someone Screamed: The Rise of Rap Music in the Black Power Aftershock, mō te Tohu Zora Neale Hurston. He mema kaiako tāpiri ia i Te Whare Wānanga o New York, e whakaako ana i te tuhituhi me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. I whiwhi a Marcus i tana tohu paetahi mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Rutgers i New Brunswick, New Jersey.
I Amerika i muri i te pakanga, ko te āhua o te noho o te hunga noho waenga-papa he kai i runga i te taupee, he maha ngā tamariki, me ngā huihuinga ngāwari, kāore koe e moemoeā ki te haere ki te kai me ngā kai hiriwa papai me ngā tauera damask matotoru. Engari, ko ngā taputapu kai pai o taua wā ko ngā taputapu kai kirihou, inā koa ko ērā i hangaia mai i te melamine.
"He tino pai te melamine mō tēnei momo noho o ia rā," te kī a Tākuta Anna Ruth Gatling, he ahorangi āwhina mō te hoahoa whare i Te Whare Wānanga o Auburn e whakaako ana i tētahi akoranga mō te hītori o te hoahoa whare.
He kapia kirihou te melamine i hangaia e te kaimātai matū Tiamana a Justus von Liebig i ngā tau 1830. Heoi, nā te mea he utu nui te hanga i te rauemi, ā, kāore a von Liebig i whakatau me pēhea te mahi ki tana mea hou, i takoto kau mō te rautau. I ngā tau 1930, nā te whanaketanga hangarau i iti ai te utu o te hanga melamine, nō reira ka tīmata ngā kaihoahoa ki te whakaaroaro me pēhea te hanga mai i a ia, ā, i te mutunga ka kitea ka taea te whakamahana me te hanga i tēnei momo kirihou thermoset hei oko kai utu nui, he mea hanga nui.
I ngā rā tōmua, ko te kamupene Cyanamid o Amerika i New Jersey tētahi o ngā kaihanga me ngā kaituku matua o te paura melamine ki te umanga kirihou. I rēhitatia e rātou tā rātou kirihou melamine i raro i te tohu hokohoko "Melmac". Ahakoa e whakamahia ana hoki tēnei rauemi hei hanga pouaka wati, kakau oumu me ngā kakau tāonga, ko te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei hanga taputapu tēpu.
I whakamahia whānuitia ngā taputapu melamine i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ā, i hangaia nuitia mō ngā hōia, ngā kura, me ngā hōhipera. Nā te iti o ngā konganuku me ētahi atu rauemi, e kiia ana ko ngā kirihou hou ngā rauemi o te heke mai. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu kirihou o mua pērā i te Bakelite, he pumau te matū o te melamine, ā, he pakari hoki hei tu atu i te horoinga me te wera auau.
I muri i te pakanga, i uru nui mai ngā taputapu melamine ki ngā mano tini o ngā whare. "I ngā tau 1940 e toru ngā wheketere melamine nui, engari i ngā tau 1950 e rau," te kī a Gatlin. Ko ētahi o ngā waitohu rongonui o ngā taputapu tunu kai melamine ko Branchell, Texas Ware, Lenox Ware, Prolon, Mar-crest, Boontonware, me Raffia Ware.
I te nekenga o ngā miriona o ngā Amerikana ki ngā tāone iti i muri i te pikinga o te ōhanga i muri i te pakanga, i hokona e rātou ngā huinga rihi melamine hei whakarite mō ō rātou kāinga hou me ō rātou momo noho. Kua rongonui te noho i te taupee hei ariā hou, ā, me hiahia ngā whānau ki ngā taputapu kirihou utu iti ka taea te kawe ki waho. I te wā tino rongonui o te pikinga o ngā pēpi, ko te melamine te rauemi pai mō taua wā. "He tino rerekē ngā rihi, ā, kāore koe e hiahia ki te tupato," te kī a Gatlin. "Ka taea e koe te maka atu!"
Ko ngā pānuitanga o taua wā i whakanuia ngā taputapu tunu kai Melmac hei kirihou makutu mō te "noho kore manukanuka i roto i te tikanga tuku iho." Ko tētahi atu pānuitanga mō te raina Color-Flyte a Branchell mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950 i kī ko ngā taputapu tunu kai "e kore e pakaru, e ngatata, e whati rānei." Ko ngā tae rongonui ko te māwhero, te kikorangi, te turquoise, te miniti, te kōwhai me te mā, me ngā āhua ā-irahiko kanapa i roto i te momo putiputi, ā-ira rānei.
"He rerekē te hua o ngā tau 1950 i tētahi atu tekau tau," te kī a Gatlin. Ko te hihiri o taua wā e whakaatahia ana i roto i ngā tae kanapa me ngā āhua o ēnei rihi, e ai ki tāna. "Kei roto i ngā taputapu tēpu melamine aua āhua ā-ira o waenganui o te rautau, pērā i ngā peihana angiangi me ngā kakau kapu iti, e motuhake ai," te kī a Gatlin. E akiakihia ana ngā kaihoko ki te whakaranu me te whakataurite i ngā tae hei tāpiri i te auahatanga me te āhua ki te whakapaipai.
Ko te mea pai rawa atu, he tino utu tika te Melmac: tata ki te $15 te utu mō te huinga tangata tokowhā i ngā tau 1950, ā, tata ki te $175 ināianei. "Kāore i te tino utu nui," te kī a Gatlin. "Ka taea e koe te awhi i ngā momo auaha me te whakaatu i tō tuakiri nā te mea kei a koe te kōwhiringa ki te whakakapi i a rātou i muri i ētahi tau ka whiwhi tae hou."
He mea whakamiharo hoki te hoahoa o ngā taputapu melamine. I utua e te American Cyanamid te kaihoahoa ahumahi a Russell Wright, nāna i kawe mai te ao hou ki te tēpu o Amerika me tana raina taputapu American Modern mai i Steubenville Pottery Company, hei mahi i tana mahi makutu me ngā taputapu kirihou. I hoahoa a Wright i te raina taputapu Melmac mō te Northern Plastics Company, i toa i te tohu Museum of Modern Art mō te hoahoa pai i te tau 1953. Ko te kohinga i huaina ko "Home" tētahi o ngā kohinga rongonui a Melmac i ngā tau 1950.
I ngā tau 1970, ka noho ko ngā mīhini horoi rihi me ngā ngaruiti hei mea nui i roto i ngā kīhini o Amerika, ā, ka ngaro te rongonui o ngā taputapu tunu kai melamine. Kāore i te haumaru te kirihou whakamiharo o ngā tau 1950 mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā taputapu tunu kai e rua, ā, kua whakakapia e Corelle hei whiringa pai ake mō ngā taputapu tunu kai o ia rā.
Heoi, i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 2000, i puta te whakaoranga o te melamine me ngā taonga hou o waenganui o te rautau. Ko te raupapa taketake o ngā tau 1950 i riro hei taonga kohikohinga, ā, i hangaia he raina hou o ngā taputapu tēpu melamine.
Nā ngā panonitanga hangarau ki te tauira me te tukanga hanga o te melamine, ka haumaru te horoi rihi, ā, ka hoatu he oranga hou. I taua wā anō, ko te tipu haere o te hiahia ki te oranga tonutanga kua waiho te melamine hei huarahi rongonui hei whakakapi i ngā pereti whakakorekore ka mutu ki te whenua ururua i muri i te whakamahinga kotahi.
Heoi, e ai ki te Tari Kai me te Rongoā o Amerika, kāore tonu te melamine i te pai mō te whakamahana i roto i te ngaruiti, ā, ka ārai i tōna hokinga mai, ahakoa tawhito, ahakoa hou.
"I tēnei ao o te watea, he rerekē ki te whakamāramatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1950 mō te watea, kāore pea aua oko kai melamine tawhito e whakamahia i ia rā," te kī a Gatlin. Kia rite te tiaki i ngā oko kai pakari o ngā tekau tau atu i 1950 ki tāu tiaki i tētahi mea tawhito. I te rautau 21, ka taea e ngā pereti kirihou te noho hei taonga kohikohinga nui, ā, ka taea e ngā melamine tawhito te noho hei mea whakapaipai.