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He tino mōrearea ngā tupuhi puehu ki ngā whenua maha o te ao nā te mea he pānga kino ki te ahuwhenua, ki te hauora o te tangata, ki ngā whatunga kawe waka me ngā hanganga. Nō reira, e kiia ana te horo o te hau he raruraru ā-ao. Ko tētahi o ngā huarahi pai ki te taiao hei aukati i te horo o te hau ko te whakamahi i te taunga warowaihā i puta mai i te huakita (MICP). Heoi, ko ngā hua taha o te MICP e ahu mai ana i te pirau urea, pērā i te haukini, kāore i te pai ina hangaia i roto i ngā rahinga nui. E whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau i ngā whakatakotoranga e rua o ngā huakita konupūmā formate mō te whakangaromanga o te MICP me te kore e whakaputa urea, ā, e whakataurite ana i tā rātou mahi ki ngā whakatakotoranga e rua o ngā huakita konupūmā acetate kāore e whakaputa haukini. Ko ngā huakita i whakaarohia ko Bacillus subtilis me Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Tuatahi, i whakatauhia ngā uara kua arotauhia o ngā āhuatanga e whakahaere ana i te hanganga CaCO3. I muri mai ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau kauhanga hau ki ngā tauira onepū i tukatukahia ki ngā whakatakotoranga kua arotauhia, ā, i inehia te ātete ki te horo o te hau, te tere paepae tango, me te ātete ki te pupuhi onepū. I aromatawaihia ngā allomorph konupūmā warowaihā (CaCO3) mā te whakamahi i te karuārai whatu, te karuārai irahiko matawai (SEM), me te tātaritanga hihi-X. He pai ake te mahi a ngā whakatakotoranga i ahu mai i te konupūmā formate i ngā whakatakotoranga i ahu mai i te acetate mō te hanganga konupūmā waro. Hei tāpiri, he nui ake te konupūmā waro i whakaputaina e B. subtilis i te B. amyloliquefaciens. I whakaatu mārama ngā whakaahua iti SEM i te herenga me te tānga o ngā huakita hohe me ngā huakita kore mahi ki runga i te konupūmā waro i puta mai i te whakatōpuku. I tino whakaitihia e ngā whakatakotoranga katoa te horo o te hau.
Kua roa te mōhiotia ko te horo o te hau he raruraru nui e pā ana ki ngā rohe maroke me ngā rohe maroke-haurua pērā i te tonga-uru o te Hononga o Amerika, te hauauru o Haina, Awherika o te Sahara, me te nuinga o te Middle East1. Nā te iti o te ua i ngā āhuarangi maroke me te tino maroke kua hurihia ngā wāhanga nui o ēnei rohe hei koraha, hei onepū, hei whenua kore e māra. Ko te horo tonu o te hau ka puta he tūmomo mōrearea ki te taiao ki ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā whatunga kawe waka, ngā whenua ahuwhenua, me ngā whenua ahumahi, ka hua ake he āhua noho kino me ngā utu nui o te whanaketanga tāone i ēnei rohe2,3,4. He mea nui, ehara i te mea ko te wāhi anake e puta ai te horo o te hau ka pāngia, engari ka puta hoki he raruraru hauora me te ōhanga i roto i ngā hapori tawhiti i te mea ka haria e te hau ngā matūriki ki ngā wāhi tawhiti atu i te pūtake5,6.
He raruraru tonu te whakahaere i te horo o te hau i te ao whānui. He maha ngā tikanga whakau oneone e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te horo o te hau. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga ngā rauemi pēnei i te tono wai7, te whakamarumaru hinu8, ngā biopolymer5, te whakapūngao warowaihā i puta mai i te microbial (MICP)9,10,11,12 me te whakapūngao warowaihā i puta mai i te whākōkī (EICP)1. Ko te whakamakuku oneone te tikanga paerewa mō te pehi puehu i te mara. Heoi, nā te tere o te mimiti ka iti te whai huatanga o tēnei tikanga i ngā rohe maroke me te haurua-maroke1. Mā te tono i ngā matū whakamarumaru hinu ka piki ake te piri onepū me te waku i waenga i ngā matūriki. Ka herea ngā kirikiri onepū e tōna āhuatanga piri; heoi, he raruraru anō hoki kei roto i ngā whakamarumaru hinu; ka piki ake te mimiti wera i te tae pouri, ā, ka mate ngā tipu me ngā moroiti. Ka raru pea te manawa i roto i tōna kakara me ōna paoa, ā, ko te mea tino nui, ko tōna utu nui tētahi atu arai. Ko ngā biopolymer tētahi o ngā tikanga hoahoa taiao kua whakaarohia tata nei hei whakaiti i te horo o te hau; ka tangohia mai i ngā puna taiao pēnei i ngā tipu, ngā kararehe me ngā huakita. Ko te kapia Xanthan, te kapia guar, te chitosan me te kapia gellan ngā biopolymer e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tono hangarau5. Heoi, ka ngaro te kaha o ngā biopolymer wairewa-wai, ka rere atu i te oneone ina pāngia e te wai13,14. Kua whakaatuhia te EICP hei tikanga pehi puehu whai hua mō ngā momo tono tae atu ki ngā rori kore-whakatakotoria, ngā roto paru me ngā papa hanga. Ahakoa he whakatenatena ngā hua, me whai whakaaro ki ētahi ngoikoretanga pea, pērā i te utu me te kore o ngā papa whakapūtanga (e tere ake ai te hanganga me te maturuturu o ngā tioata CaCO315,16).
I te mutunga o te rautau 19 i whakaahuahia tuatahitia te MICP e Murray rāua ko Irwin (1890) me Steinmann (1901) i roto i tā rāua rangahau mō te whakapōrearea o te urea e ngā moroiti moana17. Ko te MICP he tukanga koiora e puta noa ana i te taiao e uru ana ki ngā momo mahi moroiti me ngā tukanga matū e whakaohokia ai te konupūmā waro mā te tauhohenga o ngā katote waro mai i ngā matū koiora me ngā katote konupūmā i roto i te taiao18,19. Ko te MICP e uru ana ki te huringa hauota whakapōrearea o te urea (MICP whakapōrearea o te urea) te momo whakapūtanga waro i puta mai i te moroiti, e whakaohokia ana e te urease i hangaia e ngā huakita te whakapōrearea o te urea20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27 penei:
I roto i te MICP e pā ana ki te huringa waro o te waikura tote waro (MICP kāore he momo whakararuraru urea), ka whakamahia e ngā huakita heterotrophic ngā tote waro pērā i te acetate, te lactate, te citrate, te succinate, te oxalate, te malate me te glyoxylate hei pūtake pūngao hei whakaputa i ngā kohuke waro28. I te aroaro o te konupūmā lactate hei pūtake waro me ngā katote konupūmā, ka whakaaturia te tauhohenga matū o te hanganga konupūmā waro i roto i te whārite (5).
I roto i te tukanga MICP, ka whakaratohia e ngā pūtau huakita ngā wāhi whakapūngao he mea tino nui mō te whakapūngao o te konupūmā kāponāte; he kino te utu o te mata o te pūtau huakita, ā, ka taea te mahi hei mimiti mō ngā kationa takirua pērā i ngā iona konupūmā. Mā te mimiti i ngā iona konupūmā ki runga i ngā pūtau huakita, ina rawaka te kukū o te iona kāponāte, ka tauhohe ngā kationa konupūmā me ngā anion kāponāte, ā, ka whakapūngaohia te konupūmā kāponāte ki runga i te mata o te huakita29,30. Ka taea te whakarāpopoto i te tukanga penei31,32:
E toru ngā momo tioata konupūmā kāponāte i hangaia i roto i te koiora: te kāponāte, te vaterite, me te aragonite. I roto i ēnei, ko te kāponāte me te vaterite ngā momo allomorph konupūmā kāponāte i puta mai i te huakita33,34. Ko te kāponāte te allomorph konupūmā kāponāte tino pumau i te pāmahana35. Ahakoa kua pūrongohia he pumau te vaterite, ka huri hei kāponāte36,37. Ko te vaterite te mea tino matotoru o ēnei tioata. He tioata hexagonal he pai ake te kaha ki te whakakī i ngā pore i ētahi atu tioata konupūmā kāponāte nā te mea he nui ake tōna rahi38. Ka taea e te MICP kua pakaruhia e te urea me te urea te arahi ki te maturuturu o te vaterite13,39,40,41.
Ahakoa kua whakaatuhia e MICP te kaha ki te whakaū i ngā oneone raruraru me ngā oneone e ngawari ana ki te horo o te hau42,43,44,45,46,47,48, ko tētahi o ngā hua taha o te waikura urea ko te haukini, ka taea te whakararu i ngā raruraru hauora ngawari ki te kino i runga i te taumata o te pānga49. Nā tēnei pānga taha ka tautohetia te whakamahinga o tēnei hangarau, inā koa ka hiahiatia he maimoatanga mō ngā wāhi nui, pērā i te pehi puehu. Hei tāpiri, kāore e taea te manawanui ki te haunga o te haukini ina whakahaerehia te tukanga i ngā tere tono nui me ngā rahinga nui, ka pā pea ki tōna whakamahinga mahi. Ahakoa kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau hou ka taea te whakaiti i ngā iona haukini mā te huri i a rātou ki ētahi atu hua pērā i te struvite, kāore ēnei tikanga e tango katoa i ngā iona haukini50. Nō reira, me tūhura tonu ngā otinga rerekē kāore e whakaputa i ngā iona haukini. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā ara whakahekenga kore-urea mō te MICP ka whakarato pea i tētahi otinga pea kāore i tino tūhuratia i roto i te horopaki o te whakaiti i te horo o te hau. Fattahi et al. I rangahauhia te whakahekenga MICP kore-urea mā te whakamahi i te konupūmā acetate me te Bacillus megaterium41, ko Mohebbi me ētahi atu i whakamahi i te konupūmā acetate me te Bacillus amyloliquefaciens9. Heoi, kāore i whakaritea tā rātou rangahau ki ētahi atu puna konupūmā me ngā huakita heterotrophic ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te horo o te hau. Kāore hoki he tuhinga e whakataurite ana i ngā ara whakahekenga kore-urea me ngā ara whakahekenga urea i roto i te whakaiti i te horo o te hau.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau mō te horo o te hau me te whakahaere puehu kua mahia ki ngā tauira oneone he papatahi ngā mata.1,51,52,53 Heoi, he iti ake te kitea o ngā mata papatahi i roto i te taiao i ngā puke me ngā pari. Koia te take he mea tino kitea ngā onepū onepu i ngā rohe koraha.
Hei whakakore i ngā ngoikoretanga kua whakahuatia ake nei, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakauru i tētahi huinga hou o ngā huakita kore-haukini e whakaputa ana. Mō tēnei kaupapa, i whakaarohia e mātou ngā ara MICP kore-whakaiti urea. I rangahaua te whai huatanga o ngā pūtake konupūmā e rua (konupūmā formate me te konupūmā acetate). Ki te mōhio o ngā kaituhi, kāore anō kia rangahaua te whakapūnga waro mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga pūtake konupūmā me ngā huakita e rua (arā, konupūmā formate-Bacillus subtilis me te konupūmā formate-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) i roto i ngā rangahau o mua. Ko te kōwhiringa o ēnei huakita i ahu mai i ngā whākōkī e whakaputahia ana e rātou e whakaoho ana i te waikura o te konupūmā formate me te konupūmā acetate hei hanga i te whakapūnga waro moroiti. I hangaia e mātou he rangahau whakamātautau whānui hei kimi i ngā āhuatanga tino pai pēnei i te pH, ngā momo huakita me ngā pūtake konupūmā me ō rātou kukū, te ōwehenga o ngā huakita ki te otinga pūtake konupūmā me te wā whakamaroke. Hei whakamutunga, i tirotirohia te whai huatanga o tēnei huinga o ngā kaihoko huakita ki te pehi i te horo o te hau mā te maturuturunga o te konupūmā kāponāte mā te whakahaere i tētahi raupapa whakamātautau kauhanga hau i runga i ngā puke onepū hei whakatau i te nui o te horo o te hau, te tere o te paepae pakaru me te ātete hau ki te pupuhi o te onepū, ā, i mahia hoki ngā inenga penetrometer me ngā rangahau hanganga moroiti (hei tauira, te tātaritanga X-ray diffraction (XRD) me te karu hiko matawai (SEM)).
Ko te hanga konupūmā kāponāte e hiahiatia ana he iona konupūmā me he iona kāponāte. Ka taea te tiki i ngā iona konupūmā mai i ngā momo pūtake konupūmā pērā i te konupūmā pūhaumāota, te konupūmā hauwai, me te paura miraka momona54,55. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā iona kāponāte mā roto i ngā momo tikanga moroiti pērā i te waikura urea me te whakakōkī ā-hauora, ā-kore rānei o ngā mea rauropi56. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whiwhihia ngā iona kāponāte mai i te tauhohenga whakakōkī o te formate me te acetate. Hei tāpiri, i whakamahia e mātou ngā tote konupūmā o te formate me te acetate hei whakaputa i te konupūmā kāponāte parakore, nō reira ko te CO2 me te H2O anake i whiwhihia hei hua taha. I roto i tēnei tukanga, kotahi anake te matū hei pūtake konupūmā me te pūtake kāponāte, ā, kāore he haukini e puta. Nā ēnei āhuatanga ka tino whai hua te tikanga whakaputa pūtake kāponāte me te kāponāte i whakaarohia e mātou.
Ko ngā tauhohenga ōrite o te konupūmā formate me te konupūmā acetate hei hanga i te konupūmā carbonate e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā tātai (7)-(14). E whakaatu ana ngā tātai (7)-(11) ka rewa te konupūmā formate ki te wai hei hanga i te waikawa formic, i te formate rānei. Nō reira, ko te otinga he puna o ngā katote konupūmā me te hauwaiwai kore utu (ngā tātai 8 me te 9). Nā te waikura o te waikawa formic, ka hurihia ngā ngota waro i roto i te waikawa formic hei hauhā waro (tātai 10). Ka hangaia te konupūmā carbonate (ngā tātai 11 me te 12).
Waihoki, ka hangaia te konupūmā kāponāte mai i te konupūmā āteta (ngā whārite 13–15), engari ko te waikawa āteta, te āteta rānei, ka hangaia hei utu mō te waikawa formic.
Ki te kore he whākōkī, kāore e taea te whakapūkara i te acetate me te formate i te pāmahana rūma. Ka whakakorikori te FDH (formate dehydrogenase) me te CoA (coenzyme A) i te whakapūkara o te formate me te acetate hei hanga i te hauhā waro, ia (Eqs. 16, 17) 57, 58, 59. He maha ngā huakita ka taea te whakaputa i ēnei whākōkī, ā, i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau ngā huakita heterotrophic, arā, ko Bacillus subtilis (PTCC #1204 (Persian Type Culture Collection), e mōhiotia ana ko NCIMB #13061 (International Collection of Bacteria, Yeast, Phage, Plasmids, Plant Seeds and Plant Cell Tissue Cultures)) me Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PTCC #1732, NCIMB #12077). I whakatōkia ēnei huakita ki roto i tētahi reo kei roto ko te peptone mīti (5 g/L) me te tango mīti (3 g/L), e kiia nei ko te hupa matūkai (NBR) (105443 Merck).
Nō reira, e whā ngā whakatakotoranga i whakaritea hei whakaputa i te maturuturunga o te konupūmā kāponāte mā te whakamahi i ngā pūtake konupūmā e rua me ngā huakita e rua: te konupūmā formate me te Bacillus subtilis (FS), te konupūmā formate me te Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FA), te konupūmā acetate me te Bacillus subtilis (AS), me te konupūmā acetate me te Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (AA).
I te wāhanga tuatahi o te hoahoa whakamātautau, i whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau hei whakatau i te huinga tino pai hei whakatutuki i te whakaputanga konupūmā kāponāte mōrahi. Nā te mea kei roto i ngā tauira oneone te konupūmā kāponāte, i hangaia he huinga whakamātautau aromatawai tuatahi hei ine tika i te CaCO3 i hangaia e ngā huinga rerekē, ā, i aromatawaihia ngā ranunga o te reo ahurea me ngā otinga pūtake konupūmā. Mō ia huinga o te otinga pūtake konupūmā me te otinga huakita i tautuhia i runga ake nei (FS, FA, AS, me te AA), i tangohia ngā āhuatanga arotau (te kukū o te pūtake konupūmā, te wā whakaora, te kukū o te otinga huakita i inehia e te kiato whatu o te otinga (OD), te ōwehenga o te otinga pūtake konupūmā ki te huakita, me te pH) ā, i whakamahia i roto i ngā whakamātautau kauhanga hau maimoatanga onepu kua whakaahuatia i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei.
Mō ia huinga, 150 ngā whakamātautau i whakahaerehia hei ako i te pānga o te maturuturunga CaCO3 me te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga maha, arā, te kukū o te pūtake konupūmā, te wā whakamaroke, te uara OD huakita, te ōwehenga pūtake konupūmā ki te otinga huakita me te pH i te wā o te waikura ā-hauora o te mea waro (Ripanga 1). I tīpakohia te awhe pH mō te tukanga kua arotauhia i runga i ngā ānau tipu o Bacillus subtilis me Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kia tere ake ai te tipu. Ka whakamāramahia tēnei i roto i te wāhanga Hua.
Ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei i whakamahia hei whakarite i ngā tauira mō te wāhanga arotau. I te tuatahi, i whakaritea te otinga MICP mā te whakarerekē i te pH tuatahi o te reo ahurea, kātahi ka whakamahanatia ki te 121 °C mō te 15 meneti. Kātahi ka werohia te momo ki roto i te rere hau laminar, ā, ka puritia ki roto i te incubator wiri i te 30 °C me te 180 rpm. Kia tae te OD o te huakita ki te taumata e hiahiatia ana, ka konatunatua ki te otinga pūtake konupūmā i te ōwehenga e hiahiatia ana (Pikitia 1a). I tukuna te otinga MICP kia tauhohe me te totoka i roto i te incubator wiri i te 220 rpm me te 30 °C mō te wā e tae ana ki te uara whainga. I wehea te CaCO3 i whakapūmautia i muri i te centrifugation i te 6000 g mō te 5 meneti, kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki te 40 °C hei whakarite i ngā tauira mō te whakamātautau calcimeter (Pikitia 1b). Kātahi ka inehia te maturuturunga o te CaCO3 mā te whakamahi i te mita whakapūmau Bernard, ka tauhohe te paura CaCO3 ki te 1.0 N HCl (ASTM-D4373-02) hei whakaputa i te CO2, ā, ko te rōrahi o tēnei hau he ine i te ihirangi CaCO3 (Pikitia 1c). Hei huri i te rōrahi o te CO2 ki te ihirangi CaCO3, i hangaia he pihi whakataurite mā te horoi i te paura CaCO3 parakore ki te 1 N HCl me te whakatakoto ki te CO2 kua puta. I tirotirohia te āhua me te parakore o te paura CaCO3 kua puta mā te whakamahi i te whakaahua SEM me te tātari XRD. I whakamahia he karuārai whatu me te whakanui o te 1000 hei ako i te hanganga o te konupūmā waro i te taha o te huakita, te āhua o te konupūmā waro kua puta, me te mahi a te huakita.
He rohe rongonui te Rohe o Dejegh i te tonga-uru o te Porowini o Fars i Īrāna mō te horo nui, ā, i kohia e ngā kairangahau ngā tauira oneone i horohia e te hau mai i te rohe. I tangohia ngā tauira mai i te mata o te oneone mō te rangahau. I whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau tohu i runga i ngā tauira oneone he oneone onepu me te paru te oneone, ā, i whakarōpūtia hei SP-SM e ai ki te Pūnaha Whakarōpūtanga Whenua Kotahi (USC) (Pikitia 2a). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga XRD ko te oneone o Dejegh he mea hanga nui ki te konupūmā me te kuata (Pikitia 2b). Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga EDX he iti ake te nui o ētahi atu huānga pērā i te Al, K, me te Fe.
Hei whakarite i ngā onepū taiwhanga mō te whakamātautau horo hau, i kuruhia te oneone mai i te teitei o te 170 mm mā roto i tētahi awaawa 10 mm te whānui ki tētahi mata mārō, ā, ka puta he onepū noa iho he 60 mm te teitei me te 210 mm te whānui. I roto i te taiao, ko ngā onepū iti rawa te matotoru ka hangaia e ngā tukanga aeolian. Waihoki, ko te tauira i whakaritea mā te whakamahi i te tikanga i runga ake nei he iti rawa te matotoru whanaunga, γ = 14.14 kN/m³, ka hanga he koeko onepū i whakatakotoria ki runga i tētahi mata whakapae me te koki okiokinga tata ki te 29.7°.
Ko te otinga MICP tino pai i whiwhihia i te wāhanga o mua i rehuhia ki runga i te pari onepū i ngā tere tono o te 1, 2 me te 3 lm-2, kātahi ka rongoatia ngā tauira ki roto i te incubator i te 30 °C (Pikitia 3) mō ngā rā e 9 (arā, te wā whakamaroke tino pai) kātahi ka tangohia ki waho mō te whakamātautau i roto i te kauhanga hau.
Mō ia maimoatanga, e whā ngā tauira i whakaritea, tētahi hei ine i te nui o te konupūmā kāponāte me te kaha o te mata mā te whakamahi i te inenga, ā, ko ngā tauira e toru i toe i whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau horo i ngā tere rerekē e toru. I roto i ngā whakamātautau kauhanga hau, i whakatauhia te nui o te horo i ngā tere hau rerekē, kātahi ka whakatauhia te tere pakaru paepae mō ia tauira maimoatanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi kauwhata o te nui o te horo me te tere hau. Haunga ngā whakamātautau horo hau, i tukuna ngā tauira i tukinotia ki te pupuhi onepu (arā, ngā whakamātautau peke). E rua atu ngā tauira i whakaritea mō tēnei kaupapa i ngā tere tono o te 2 me te 3 L m−2. Te roa o te whakamātautau pupuhi onepu mō te 15 meneti me te rere o te 120 gm−1, kei roto i te awhe o ngā uara i tīpakohia i roto i ngā rangahau o mua60,61,62. Ko te tawhiti whakapae i waenga i te pūwero whakakoi me te turanga onepū he 800 mm, kei te 100 mm i runga ake i te raro o te kauhanga. I whakatakotoria tēnei tūranga kia tata katoa ngā matūriki onepu peke e taka ana ki runga i te onepū.
I whakahaerehia te whakamātautau o te kauhanga hau i roto i tētahi kauhanga hau tuwhera, he 8 m te roa, he 0.4 m te whānui, ā, he 1 m te teitei (Pikitia 4a). He mea hanga te kauhanga hau ki ngā rau maitai kua whakakikoruatia, ā, ka taea te whakaputa i te tere hau tae atu ki te 25 m/s. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia he kaitahuri auau hei whakarite i te auau o te pā, me te whakanui haere i te auau kia whiwhi ai i te tere hau e hiahiatia ana. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4b i te hoahoa kauwhata o ngā onepū kua horomia e te hau me te kōtaha tere hau i inehia i roto i te kauhanga hau.
Hei whakamutunga, hei whakataurite i ngā hua o te whakatakotoranga MICP kore-urealytic i whakaarohia i roto i tēnei rangahau ki ngā hua o te whakamātautau whakahaere MICP urealytic, i whakaritea hoki ngā tauira oneone, ā, i rongoatia ki te otinga koiora kei roto ko te urea, te konupūmā pūhaumāota me te Sporosarcina pasteurii (nā te mea he kaha nui tō Sporosarcina pasteurii ki te whakaputa urease63). Ko te mātotoru whatu o te otinga huakita he 1.5, ā, ko ngā kukū o te urea me te konupūmā pūhaumāota he 1 M (i tīpakohia i runga i ngā uara i tūtohutia i roto i ngā rangahau o mua36,64,65). Ko te reo ahurea he hupa matūkai (8 g/L) me te urea (20 g/L). I rehuhia te otinga huakita ki runga i te mata oneone, ā, i waiho mō ngā haora 24 hei piri ki te huakita. I muri i ngā haora 24 o te piri, i rehuhia he otinga whakapiri (konupūmā pūhaumāota me te urea). Ko te whakamātautau whakahaere MICP urealytic ka kiia i muri nei ko te UMC. I whiwhihia te ihirangi konupūmā kāponāte o ngā tauira oneone i tukatukahia ki te urealytic me te kore-urealytic mā te horoi i runga anō i te tikanga i whakatakotoria e Choi et al.66.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5 i ngā ānau tipu o Bacillus amyloliquefaciens me Bacillus subtilis i roto i te reo whakatipu (te otinga matūkai) me te awhe pH tīmatanga o te 5 ki te 10. E ai ki te pikitia, i tere ake te tipu o Bacillus amyloliquefaciens me Bacillus subtilis i te pH 6-8 me te 7-9. Nō reira, i whakamahia tēnei awhe pH i te wāhanga arotakenga.
Ngā ānau tipu o (a) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens me (b) Bacillus subtilis i ngā uara pH tīmatanga rerekē o te reo matūkai.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6 i te nui o te hauhā waro i hangaia i roto i te mita waimeha Bernard, e tohu ana i te konupūmā kāponāte kua whakapūmautia (CaCO3). Nā te mea i whakaritea tētahi tauwehe i roto i ia huinga, ā, i rerekē ngā tauwehe kē atu, ko ia pūwāhi i runga i ēnei kauwhata e rite ana ki te nui rawa o te hauhā waro i roto i taua huinga whakamātautau. E ai ki te pikitia, i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te pūtake konupūmā, ka piki ake te hanga o te konupūmā kāponāte. Nō reira, ka pā tika te kukū o te pūtake konupūmā ki te hanga o te konupūmā kāponāte. Nā te mea he ōrite te pūtake konupūmā me te pūtake waro (arā, te konupūmā formate me te konupūmā acetate), ko te nui ake o ngā katote konupūmā e tukuna ana, ko te nui ake o te konupūmā kāponāte ka hangaia (Pikitia 6a). I roto i ngā whakatakotoranga AS me AA, ka piki haere tonu te hanga konupūmā kāponāte me te pikinga o te wā whakamaroke tae noa ki te tata kore e rerekē te nui o te whakapūmau i muri i te 9 rā. I roto i te whakatakotoranga FA, ka heke te tere o te hanganga konupūmā kāponāte i te neke atu o te wā whakamaroke i te 6 rā. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu whakatakotoranga, i whakaatu te whakatakotoranga FS i te tere hanganga konupūmā kāponāte iti i muri i te 3 rā (Pikitia 6b). I roto i ngā hanganga FA me FS, 70% me te 87% o te katoa o te hanga konupūmā kāponāte i puta i muri i ngā rā e toru, engari i roto i ngā hanganga AA me AS, tata ki te 46% me te 45% noa iho tēnei ōwehenga. E tohu ana tēnei he nui ake te tere hanga CaCO3 o te hanganga waikawa formic i te wāhanga tuatahi ki te hanganga acetate. Heoi, ka puhoi te tere hanga me te piki haere o te wā whakamaroke. Ka taea te whakatau mai i te Pikitia 6c ahakoa i ngā kukū huakita i runga ake i te OD1, kāore he takoha nui ki te hanganga konupūmā kāponāte.
Te huringa o te rōrahi CO2 (me te ihirangi CaCO3 e pā ana) i inehia e te mita whakapūkara Bernard hei pānga o (a) te kukū o te pūtake konupūmā, (b) te wā whakatakoto, (c) OD, (d) te pH tīmatanga, (e) te ōwehenga o te pūtake konupūmā ki te otinga huakita (mō ia hanganga); me (f) te nui rawa o te konupūmā kāponāte i hangaia mō ia huinga o te pūtake konupūmā me te huakita.
Mō te pānga o te pH tuatahi o te reo, e whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6d, mō te FA me te FS, i eke te hanga CaCO3 ki te uara mōrahi i te pH 7. He rite tonu tēnei kitenga ki ngā rangahau o mua, arā, ko ngā whākōkī FDH te mea tino pumau i te pH 7-6.7. Heoi, mō te AA me te AS, i piki ake te ua o te CaCO3 i te wā i neke atu ai te pH i te 7. I whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau o mua ko te awhe pH tino pai mō te mahi whākōkī CoA kei waenga i te 8 ki te 9.2-6.8. I te mea ko ngā awhe pH tino pai mō te mahi whākōkī CoA me te tipu o te B. amyloliquefaciens ko (8-9.2) me te (6-8), ia (Pikitia 5a), e tumanakohia ana ko te pH tino pai o te hanganga AA ko te 8, ā, e taupatupatu ana ngā awhe pH e rua. I whakaūtia tēnei meka e ngā whakamātautau, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6d. I te mea ko te pH tino pai mō te tipu o te B. subtilis he 7-9 (Pikitia 5b) ā, ko te pH tino pai mō te mahi whākōkī CoA he 8-9.2, ko te hua mōrahi o te rerenga CaCO3 e whakaarohia ana kei roto i te awhe pH o te 8-9, e whakaūtia ana e te Pikitia 6d (arā, ko te pH rerenga tino pai he 9). Ko ngā hua e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6e e whakaatu ana ko te ōwehenga tino pai o te otinga pūtake konupūmā ki te otinga huakita he 1 mō ngā otinga acetate me te formate. Hei whakatairite, i aromatawaihia te mahi a ngā whakatakotoranga rerekē (arā, AA, AS, FA, me te FS) i runga i te whakaputanga CaCO3 mōrahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē (arā, te kukū o te pūtake konupūmā, te wā whakaora, te OD, te ōwehenga pūtake konupūmā ki te otinga huakita, me te pH tīmatanga). I roto i ngā whakatakotoranga i rangahauhia, ko te whakatakotoranga FS te mea i nui rawa te whakaputanga CaCO3, tata ki te toru ngā wā i tērā o te whakatakotoranga AA (Pikitia 6f). E whā ngā whakamātautau whakahaere kore-huakita i whakahaerehia mō ngā pūtake konupūmā e rua, ā, kāore i kitea he rerenga CaCO3 i muri i te 30 rā.
I whakaatuhia e ngā whakaahua karuārai whatu o ngā whakatakotoranga katoa ko te vaterite te wāhanga matua i hangaia ai te konupūmā kāponāte (Pikitia 7). He porowhita te āhua o ngā tioata vaterite69,70,71. I kitea ko te konupūmā kāponāte i tau ki runga i ngā pūtau huakita nā te mea he kino te utu o te mata o ngā pūtau huakita, ā, ka taea te mahi hei kaiponu mō ngā kationa takirua. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te whakatakotoranga FS i roto i tēnei rangahau, i muri i ngā hāora 24, ka tīmata te hanganga o te konupūmā kāponāte ki runga i ētahi pūtau huakita (Pikitia 7a), ā, i muri i ngā hāora 48, ka nui haere te maha o ngā pūtau huakita kua pania ki te konupūmā kāponāte. Hei tāpiri, e ai ki te whakaaturanga i te Pikitia 7b, ka kitea hoki ngā matūriki vaterite. Hei whakamutunga, i muri i ngā hāora 72, he nui ngā huakita i te āhua nei kua herea e ngā tioata vaterite, ā, ka nui haere te maha o ngā matūriki vaterite (Pikitia 7c).
Ngā kitenga karuārai whatu o te maturuturunga o CaCO3 i roto i ngā hanganga FS i roto i te wā: (a) 24, (b) 48 me te (c) 72 hāora.
Hei tirotiro anō i te āhua o te wāhanga i whakapūpūtia, i whakahaerehia ngā tātaritanga hihi-X (XRD) me te SEM o ngā paura. Nā ngā hihi XRD (Pikitia 8a) me ngā whakaahua SEM (Pikitia 8b, c) i whakaū te aroaro o ngā tioata vaterite, nā te mea he āhua rētihi, ā, i kitea he hononga i waenga i ngā tihi vaterite me ngā tihi i whakapūpūtia.
(a) Te whakataurite i ngā hihi-X o te CaCO3 me te vaterite i hangaia. Ngā whakaahua SEM o te vaterite i te (b) whakanui 1 kHz me te (c) whakanui 5.27 kHz, ia.
Ko ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau kauhanga hau e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 9a, b. Ka kitea mai i te Pikitia 9a ko te tere horo paepae (TDV) o te onepu kāore i rongoatia he tata ki te 4.32 m/s. I te tere tono o te 1 l/m² (Pikitia 9a), ko ngā pari o ngā rārangi tere ngaronga oneone mō ngā wāhanga FA, FS, AA me te UMC he rite tonu ki te onepū kāore i rongoatia. E tohu ana tēnei kāore te maimoatanga i tēnei tere tono i whai hua, ā, i te wā e neke ake ai te tere o te hau i te TDV, ka ngaro te kirinuku oneone angiangi, ā, ka rite te tere horo o te onepū ki te onepū kāore i rongoatia. He iti iho hoki te pari horo o te wāhanga AS i ērā atu wāhanga he iti ake ngā abscissa (arā, TDV) (Pikitia 9a). E tohu ana ngā pere i te Pikitia 9b i te tere hau mōrahi o te 25 m/s, kāore he horo i puta i ngā onepū i rongoatia i ngā tere tono o te 2 me te 3 l/m². Arā, mō ngā FS, FA, AS me UMC, he ātete ake ngā onepū ki te horo o te hau i puta mai i te whakatakotoranga CaCO³ i ngā tere tono o te 2 me te 3 l/m² i tērā i te tere hau mōrahi (arā, 25 m/s). Nō reira, ko te uara TDV o te 25 m/s i whiwhihia i roto i ēnei whakamātautau ko te rohenga raro mō ngā tere tono e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 9b, engari mō te take o te AA, kei reira te TDV tata rite ki te tere mōrahi o te kauhanga hau.
Whakamātautau horo hau (a) Te whakahekenga taumaha ki te tere o te hau (tere tono 1 rita/m2), (b) Te tere haehae paepae ki te tere tono me te hanganga (CA mō te konupūmā acetate, CF mō te konupūmā formate).
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 10 i te horo o te mata o ngā onepū i tukinotia ki ngā momo hanganga me ngā tere tono i muri i te whakamātautau pupuhi onepu, ā, e whakaaturia ana ngā hua tauanga i te Pikitia 11. Kāore te kēhi kāore i tukinotia i whakaaturia nā te mea kāore i whakaatu i te ātete, ā, i tino horo (ngaronga papatipu katoa) i te wā o te whakamātautau pupuhi onepu. E mārama ana i te Pikitia 11 ko te tauira i tukinotia ki te hanganga koiora AA i ngaro i te 83.5% o tōna taumaha i te tere tono o te 2 l/m2, ko ngā tauira katoa i whakaatu i te iti iho i te 30% o te horo i te wā o te tukanga pupuhi onepu. I te whakanui ake i te tere tono ki te 3 l/m2, ko ngā tauira katoa i tukinotia i ngaro i raro iho i te 25% o ō rātou taumaha. I ngā tere tono e rua, i whakaatu te matū FS i te ātete pai rawa atu ki te pupuhi onepu. Ko te ātete pupuhi mōrahi me te iti rawa i roto i ngā tauira FS me AA i tukinotia ka taea te kī ko ō rātou maturuturunga CaCO3 mōrahi me te iti rawa (Pikitia 6f).
Ngā hua o te pupuhi i ngā onepū onepū o ngā hanganga rerekē i ngā tere rere o te 2 me te 3 l/m2 (ko ngā pere e tohu ana i te ahunga o te hau, ko ngā ripeka e tohu ana i te ahunga o te hau e poutū ana ki te papa o te tuhi).
E ai ki te Pikitia 12, i piki ake te nui o te konupūmā kāponāte o ngā tātai katoa i te pikinga o te tere tono mai i te 1 L/m² ki te 3 L/m². Hei tāpiri, i ngā tere tono katoa, ko te tātai me te nui rawa o te konupūmā kāponāte ko te FS, ā, i muri mai ko te FA me te UMC. E kī ana tēnei he nui ake pea te ātete o te mata o ēnei tātai.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 13a i te panonitanga o te ātete mata o ngā tauira oneone kāore i rongoātia, i whakahaeretia, me te inehia mā te whakamātautau permeameter. Mai i tēnei pikitia, e kitea ana kua piki ake te ātete mata o ngā whakatakotoranga UMC, AS, FA me FS me te pikinga o te tere tono. Heoi, he iti noa te pikinga o te kaha mata i roto i te whakatakotoranga AA. E ai ki te pikitia, he pai ake te uruhanga mata o ngā whakatakotoranga FA me FS o te MICP kāore i pakaruhia e te urea ki te MICP i pakaruhia e te urea. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 13b i te panonitanga o te TDV me te ātete mata o te oneone. Mai i tēnei pikitia, e kitea ana mō ngā onepū he nui ake te ātete mata i te 100 kPa, ka neke ake te tere tango paepae i te 25 m/s. Nā te mea ka taea te ine ngāwari i te ātete mata in situ mā te permeameter, ka taea e tēnei mōhiotanga te āwhina ki te whakatau tata i te TDV i te korenga o te whakamātautau kauhanga hau, ā, ka mahi hei tohu whakahaere kounga mō ngā tono mara.
Kei te Pikitia 14 ngā hua SEM. E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 14a-b i ngā matūriki kua whakanuia o te tauira oneone kāore i rongoatia, e whakaatu mārama ana he piripono, kāore he hononga taiao, he whakapiringa rānei. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 14c i te kauwhata SEM o te tauira whakahaere i rongoatia ki te MICP kua pakaruhia ki te urea. E whakaatu ana tēnei whakaahua i te aroaro o ngā matūriki CaCO3 hei momo calcite. E ai ki ngā Pikitia 14d-o, ka herea ngā matūriki e te CaCO3 kua pakaru; ka taea hoki te tautuhi i ngā tioata vaterite porowhita i roto i ngā kauwhata SEM. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o tēnei rangahau me ngā rangahau o mua ka taea hoki e ngā here CaCO3 i hangaia hei momo vaterite te whakarato i te kaha miihini whaitake; e whakaatu ana ā mātou hua ka piki te ātete o te mata ki te 350 kPa, ā, ka piki te tere wehenga paepae mai i te 4.32 ki te neke atu i te 25 m/s. E hangai ana tēnei hua ki ngā hua o ngā rangahau o mua, arā, ko te matrix o te MICP-precipitated CaCO3 he vaterite, he kaha ā-mīhini me te ātete ki te horo hau13,40 ā, ka taea te pupuri i te ātete ki te horo hau ahakoa kua 180 ngā rā o te pānga ki ngā āhuatanga taiao o te mara13.
(a, b) Ngā whakaahua iti SEM o te oneone kāore i rongoātia, (c) Te whakahaere i te pirau urea MICP, (df) Ngā tauira i rongoātia ki te AA, (gi) Ngā tauira i rongoātia ki te AS, (jl) Ngā tauira i rongoātia ki te FA, me (mo) Ngā tauira i rongoātia ki te FS i te tere tono o te 3 L/m2 i ngā whakanuinga rerekē.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 14d-f i muri i te maimoatanga ki ngā matū AA, i puta te konupūmā kāponāte ki runga i te mata me waenganui i ngā kirikiri onepū, ā, i kitea anō hoki ētahi kirikiri onepū kāore i pania. Mō ngā wāhanga AS, ahakoa kāore i tino piki te nui o te CaCO3 i hangaia (Pikitia 6f), i tino piki ake te nui o ngā hononga i waenganui i ngā kirikiri onepū i puta mai i te CaCO3 ki te whakataurite ki ngā matū AA (Pikitia 14g-i).
Mai i ngā Pikitia 14j-l me 14m-o, e mārama ana ko te whakamahinga o te konupūmā formate hei pūtake konupūmā ka piki ake te rerenga o te CaCO3 ki te whakataurite ki te matū AS, he rite tonu ki ngā inenga mita konupūmā i te Pikitia 6f. Ko te āhua nei ko tēnei CaCO3 tāpiri kei runga i ngā matūriki onepu, ā, kāore e whakapai ake i te kounga o te whakapā. E whakaū ana tēnei i te whanonga i kitea i mua: ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o te nui o te rerenga o te CaCO3 (Pikitia 6f), kāore ngā whakatakotoranga e toru (AS, FA me FS) i tino rerekē i runga i te mahi anti-eolian (hau) (Pikitia 11) me te ātete mata (Pikitia 13a).
Hei whakaatu pai ake i ngā pūtau huakita kua pania ki te CaCO3 me te tohu huakita ki runga i ngā tioata kua whakapūpūtia, i tangohia ngā whakaahua SEM whakanui teitei, ā, e whakaaturia ana ngā hua ki te Pikitia 15. E ai ki te whakaaturanga, ka whakapūpūtia te konupūmā waro ki runga i ngā pūtau huakita, ā, ka whakaratohia ngā karihi e hiahiatia ana mō te whakapūpūtanga ki reira. E whakaatu ana hoki te pikitia i ngā hononga hohe me ngā hononga kore mahi i puta mai i te CaCO3. Ka taea te whakatau ko te pikinga o ngā hononga kore mahi kāore e arahi tonu ki te whakapainga ake o te whanonga miihini. Nō reira, ko te whakanui ake i te whakapūpūtanga CaCO3 kāore e arahi tonu ki te kaha miihini teitei ake, ā, he mahi nui tā te tauira whakapūpūtanga. Kua akohia hoki tēnei wāhi i roto i ngā mahi a Terzis me Laloui72 me Soghi me Al-Kabani45,73. Hei tūhura atu i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tauira whakapūpūtanga me te kaha miihini, e taunakihia ana ngā rangahau MICP e whakamahi ana i te whakaahua µCT, he mea kei tua atu i te whānuitanga o tēnei rangahau (arā, te whakauru i ngā huinga rerekē o te pūtake konupūmā me te huakita mō te MICP kore-haukini).
I puta mai i te CaCO3 ngā hononga hohe me ngā hononga kore mahi i roto i ngā tauira i rongoatia ki te (a) hanganga AS me te (b) hanganga FS, ā, i waiho he tohu o ngā pūtau huakita ki runga i te paru.
E ai ki ngā Pikitia 14j-o me 15b, he kiriata CaCO3 kei reira (e ai ki te tātaritanga EDX, ko te ōrau hanganga o ia huānga i roto i te kiriata he waro 11%, hāora 46.62% me te konupūmā 42.39%, he tino tata ki te ōrau o CaCO3 i te Pikitia 16). Ka kapihia e tēnei kiriata ngā tioata vaterite me ngā matūriki oneone, e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te pumau o te pūnaha oneone-para. Ko te aroaro o tēnei kiriata i kitea anake i roto i ngā tauira i rongoatia ki te whakatakotoranga i ahu mai i te formate.
E whakataurite ana te Ripanga 2 i te kaha o te mata, te tere o te wehenga paepae, me te ihirangi CaCO3 i puta mai i te koiora o ngā oneone i tukinotia ki ngā ara MICP e whakaiti ana i te urea me te kore-urea i roto i ngā rangahau o mua me tēnei rangahau. He iti noa ngā rangahau mō te ātete ki te horo o te hau o ngā tauira onepū i tukinotia ki te MICP. I rangahau a Meng me ētahi atu i te ātete ki te horo o te hau o ngā tauira onepū i tukinotia ki te urea e whakaiti ana i te MICP mā te whakamahi i te pupuhi rau,13 engari i roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamatautauria ngā tauira onepū kore-urea (me ngā mana whakahaere e whakaiti ana i te urea) i roto i te kauhanga hau, ā, i tukinotia ki ngā huinga rerekē e whā o ngā huakita me ngā matū.
E kitea ana, kua whakaarohia e ētahi rangahau o mua ngā reiti tono teitei e neke atu ana i te 4 L/m213,41,74. He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko ngā reiti tono teitei kāore pea e ngāwari te whakamahi i te mara mai i te tirohanga ōhanga nā te utu e pā ana ki te tuku wai, te kawe me te tono o ngā rahinga wai nui. Ko ngā reiti tono iti pēnei i te 1.62-2 L/m2 i tutuki ai hoki te kaha mata pai tae atu ki te 190 kPa me te TDV e neke atu ana i te 25 m/s. I roto i tēnei rangahau, ko ngā onepū i tukinotia ki te MICP e ahu mai ana i te formate me te kore he whakahekenga urea i tutuki ai te kaha mata teitei e rite ana ki ērā i whiwhihia me te ara whakahekenga urea i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā reiti tono (arā, ko ngā tauira i tukinotia ki te MICP e ahu mai ana i te formate me te kore he whakahekenga urea i taea hoki te whakatutuki i te whānuitanga o ngā uara kaha mata e ai ki tā Meng et al., 13, Pikitia 13a) i ngā reiti tono teitei ake. Ka kitea hoki i te tere tono o te 2 L/m2, ko te hua o te konupūmā kāponāte hei whakaiti i te horo o te hau i te tere o te hau o te 25 m/s he 2.25% mō te MICP e ahu mai ana i te formate me te kore he pakaru urea, he tino tata ki te nui o te CaCO3 e hiahiatia ana (arā, 2.41%) ki te whakataurite ki ngā onepū i tukinotia ki te MICP whakahaere me te pakaru urea i te tere tono kotahi me te tere hau kotahi (25 m/s).
Nō reira, ka taea te whakatau mai i tēnei ripanga ka taea e te ara whakahekenga urea me te ara whakahekenga kore-urea te whakarato i te mahi tino pai e pā ana ki te ātete mata me te TDV. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te kore o te haukini i roto i te ara whakahekenga kore-urea, nō reira he iti ake te pānga ki te taiao. Hei tāpiri, ko te tikanga MICP e ahu mai ana i te formate me te kore whakahekenga urea i whakaarohia i roto i tēnei rangahau te ahua nei he pai ake te mahi i te tikanga MICP e ahu mai ana i te acetate me te kore whakahekenga urea. Ahakoa i ako a Mohebbi me ētahi atu i te tikanga MICP e ahu mai ana i te acetate me te kore whakahekenga urea, i whakaurua e tā rātou rangahau ngā tauira ki runga i ngā mata papatahi9. Nā te nui ake o te horo i puta mai i te hanganga porowhita huri noa i ngā tauira onepū me te kutikuti i puta mai, e hua ake ai he iti ake te TDV, e matapaetia ana ka kitea ake te horonga hau o ngā tauira onepū i ērā o ngā mata papatahi i te tere kotahi.