Ko ngā wheketere sima pēnei i te mea e whakaaturia ana i konei he pūtake nui o te hauhā waro e whakamahana ana i te āhuarangi. Engari ka taea te huri i ētahi o ēnei poke hei momo wahie hou. Ka taea te penapena haumaru i tēnei tote mō ngā tekau tau, neke atu rānei.
Ko tētahi atu kōrero tēnei o tētahi raupapa e titiro ana ki ngā hangarau hou me ngā mahi ka taea te whakaroa i te huringa āhuarangi, te whakaiti i ōna pānga, te āwhina rānei i ngā hapori ki te aro atu ki tētahi ao e tere hurihuri ana.
Ko ngā mahi e tuku ana i te hauhā waro (CO2), he hau kati kōtuhi noa, ka whai wāhi ki te whakamahana i te āhuarangi o Papatūānuku. Ehara i te mea hou te whakaaro ki te tango i te CO2 mai i te rangi me te penapena. Engari he uaua ki te mahi, ina koa ka taea e te tangata te utu. He rerekē te huarahi e whakatauhia ai e tētahi pūnaha hou te raruraru o te parahanga CO2. Ka hurihia e ia te hau whakamahana āhuarangi hei wahie mā te matū.
I te 15 o Noema, i whakaputa ngā kairangahau o te Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) i Cambridge i ā rātou hua hou ki te puka Cell Reports Physical Science.
E rua ngā wāhanga o tā rātou pūnaha hou. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te huri i te hauhā waro mai i te rangi ki tētahi ngota e kiia nei ko te formate hei whakaputa wahie. Pērā i te hauhā waro, kei roto i te formate tētahi ngota waro me ngā ngota hāora e rua, me tētahi ngota hauwai. Kei roto hoki i te formate ētahi atu huānga. I whakamahia e te rangahau hou te tote formate, i ahu mai i te konutai, i te pāhare pāporo rānei.
Ko te nuinga o ngā pūtau wahie e whakamahi ana i te hauwai, he hau mura e hiahia ana ki ngā paipa me ngā tāke pēhanga hei kawe. Heoi, ka taea hoki e ngā pūtau wahie te whakamahi i te formate. He rite te nui o te pūngao o te formate ki te hauwai, e ai ki a Li Ju, he kaipūtaiao rauemi nāna i ārahi te whanaketanga o te pūnaha hou. He pai ake ētahi o ngā painga o te formate i te hauwai, e ai ki a Li Ju. He haumaru ake, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he rokiroki pēhanga teitei.
I hangaia e ngā kairangahau i MIT tētahi pūtau wahie hei whakamātautau i te formate, e whakaputaina ana e rātou mai i te hauhā waro. Tuatahi, i konatunatua e rātou te tote ki te wai. Kātahi ka whāngaihia te ranunga ki roto i tētahi pūtau wahie. I roto i te pūtau wahie, ka tukuna e te formate ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi tauhohenga matū. Ka rere ēnei irahiko mai i te irahiko kino o te pūtau wahie ki te irahiko pai, ka oti te ara iahiko hiko. I noho ēnei irahiko rere—he iahiko hiko—mō ngā haora 200 i te wā o te whakamātautau.
E tino hiahia ana a Zhen Zhang, he kaipūtaiao rauemi e mahi tahi ana me Li i MIT, ka taea e tana tīma te whakawhānui ake i te hangarau hou i roto i te tekau tau.
I whakamahia e te tīma rangahau o MIT tētahi tikanga matū hei huri i te hauhā waro hei wāhanga matua mō te hanga wahie. Tuatahi, i whakaaturia ki tētahi otinga tino kawakore. I whiriwhiria e rātou te hauwai konutai (NaOH), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te rai. Ka puta he tauhohenga matū ka puta he hauwai paikāpōnate (NaHCO3), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te houra tunutunu.
Kātahi ka tahuri rātou i te hiko. Nā te iahiko hiko i whakaoho tētahi tauhohenga matū hou i wehewehe i ngā ngota hāora katoa i roto i te ngota houra tunutunu, ka mahue iho te konutai formate (NaCHO2). Nā tā rātou pūnaha i huri te nuinga o te waro i roto i te CO2 — neke atu i te 96 ōrau — ki roto i tēnei tote.
Ko te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei tango i te hāora kei roto i ngā hononga matū o te formate. I kī a Ahorangi Li ka taea e te formate te pupuri i tēnei pūngao mō ngā tekau tau me te kore e ngaro te pūngao pūmanawa. Kātahi ka whakaputa hiko ina haere mā roto i te pūtau wahie. Mena ko te hiko e whakamahia ana hei whakaputa formate mai i te hiko o te rā, te hau, te wai rānei, ka waiho te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te pūtau wahie hei pūtake pūngao ma.
Hei whakawhānui ake i te hangarau hou, e ai ki a Lee, "me kimi e tātou he rauemi whenua whai rawa o te lye." I ako ia i tētahi momo toka e kiia nei ko te alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Ina konatunatua ki te wai, ka huri ēnei toka hei lye.
He miihini a Farzan Kazemifar i Te Whare Wānanga o te Kāwanatanga o San Jose i California. Ko tana kaupapa rangahau he penapena i te hauhā waro i roto i ngā hanganga tote o raro whenua. He uaua tonu te tango i te hauhā waro mai i te rangi, ā, he utu nui, e ai ki a ia. Nō reira, he pai te huri i te CO2 hei hua whai hua pēnei i te formate. Ka taea e te utu o te hua te whakakore i te utu whakaputa.
He nui ngā rangahau kua mahia mō te hopu i te hauhā waro mai i te rangi. Hei tauira, i whakaahuahia e tētahi rōpū kaipūtaiao i Te Whare Wānanga o Lehigh tētahi atu tikanga mō te tātari i te hauhā waro mai i te rangi, me te huri hei houra tunutunu. Kei te rongoa ētahi atu rōpū rangahau i te CO2 ki roto i ngā toka motuhake, ka huri hei waro totoka ka taea te tukatuka hei etanoru, he wahie waipiro. He iti noa te nuinga o ēnei kaupapa, ā, kāore anō kia whai pānga nui ki te whakaiti i ngā taumata tiketike o te hauhā waro i te rangi.
E whakaatu ana tēnei whakaahua i tētahi whare e rere ana i te hauhā waro. Mā te taputapu e whakaaturia ana i konei ka hurihia te hauhā waro (ngā ngota i roto i ngā mirumiru whero me te mā) hei tote e kiia nei ko te formate (ngā mirumiru kikorangi, whero, mā, me te mangu). Kātahi ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tote i roto i te pūtau wahie hei whakaputa hiko.
I kī a Kazemifar ko tā tātou kōwhiringa pai ko te "whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i te tuatahi." Ko tētahi huarahi ki te mahi i tēnā ko te whakakapi i ngā wahie pūngao ki ngā puna pūngao hou pēnei i te hau, te rā rānei. He wāhanga tēnei o te whakawhiti e kiia nei e ngā kaipūtaiao ko te "whakakore waro." Engari i tāpiri atu ia me whai huarahi maha ngā taha mō te aukati i te huringa āhuarangi. E hiahiatia ana tēnei hangarau hou hei hopu i te waro i ngā wāhi uaua ki te whakakore waro, e ai ki tāna. Hei tauira, me kī ko ngā mira maitai me ngā wheketere sima, hei whakahua i ngā tauira e rua.
E kite ana hoki te tīma MIT i ngā painga o te whakakotahi i tā rātou hangarau hou me te hiko o te rā me te hau. Kua hangaia ngā pākahiko tuku iho hei penapena pūngao mō ngā wiki i ia wā. Ko te penapena i te hihi o te rā raumati ki te takurua, ki te roa atu rānei, me whai huarahi rerekē. "Mā te wahie formate," te kī a Lee, kāore koe e herea ki te penapena ā-wā. "Tērā pea ka noho hei whakatipuranga."
Ahakoa kāore e kanapa pērā i te koura, "Ka taea e au te waiho i te 200 tana… o te rauemi whakatō ki aku tama me aku tamāhine," te kī a Lee, "hei taonga tuku iho."
Kawakore: He kupu āhua e whakaahua ana i tētahi matū e hanga ana i ngā iona hauwai (OH-) i roto i te wairewa. Ka kiia hoki ēnei wairewa he kawakore (he rerekē ki te waikawa) ā, he nui ake te pH i te 7.
Āwaiwai: He toka e taea ai te pupuri i ngā puna wai o raro i te whenua. E pā ana hoki te kupu ki ngā puna wai o raro i te mata.
Pātarati: He toka puia mangu he tino matotoru (ki te kore he putunga nui o te hau i roto i te pahūtanga o te puia).
here: (i roto i te matū) he hononga pumau-haurua i waenga i ngā ngota (ngā rōpū ngota rānei) i roto i tētahi ngota. Ka hangaia e ngā kaha kukume i waenga i ngā ngota e whai wāhi ana. Kia oti ngā here te hanga, ka mahi ngā ngota hei wāhanga kotahi. Hei wehewehe i ngā ngota wāhanga, me tuku te pūngao i roto i te ahua o te wera, o tētahi atu irahiko rānei ki ngā ngota.
Waro: He huānga matū te pūtake ā-tinana o ngā mea ora katoa o te Ao. Kei te noho noa te waro i roto i te āhua o te karāpeti me te taimana. He wāhanga nui o te waro, te kōhatu, me te hinu, ā, ka taea e ia te hono atu ki a ia anō hei hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā ngota ngota he nui te uara matū, koiora, me te arumoni. (I roto i te rangahau āhuarangi) I ētahi wā ka whakamahia te kupu waro me te hauhā hei tohu i te pānga pea o tētahi mahi, hua, kaupapa here, tukanga rānei ki te mahanatanga roa o te āhuarangi.
Hauhā waro: (CO2 rānei) he hau kore tae, kore kakara e puta mai ana i ngā kararehe katoa ina tauhohe te hāora e manawahia ana e rātou ki ngā kai e kainga ana e rātou he nui te waro. Ka tukuna hoki te hauhā waro ina tahuna ngā mea rauropi, tae atu ki ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te hinu, te hau māori rānei. He hau kati kōtuhi te hauhā waro e mau ana i te wera i roto i te āhuarangi o Papatūānuku. Ka hurihia e ngā tipu te hauhā waro hei hāora mā te photosynthesis, ā, ka whakamahia tēnei tukanga hei hanga i ā rātou ake kai.
Sima: He mea here hei pupuri i ngā rauemi e rua kia mārō ai, kia totoka ai, he kāpia matotoru rānei hei pupuri i ngā rauemi e rua. (Hanganga) He rauemi kua hurihia kia pai hei here i te onepu, i te toka kuru rānei kia hanga raima. He paura te sima i te nuinga o te wā. Engari ina mākū, ka huri hei paru paru ka mārō ina maroke.
Matū: He matū i hangaia mai i ngā ngota e rua, neke atu rānei, kua honoa (kua herea) i roto i tētahi ōwehenga me tētahi hanganga pumau. Hei tauira, ko te wai he matū i hangaia mai i ngā ngota hauwai e rua kua herea ki tētahi ngota hāora. Ko tōna tauira matū ko H2O. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te "Matū" hei kupu āhua hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga o tētahi matū e puta mai ana i ngā tauhohenga rerekē i waenga i ngā pūhui rerekē.
Herenga matū: He kaha kukume i waenga i ngā ngota e kaha ana ki te mahi tahi i ngā huānga kua honoa. He ngoikore ētahi kukume, he kaha ētahi. Ko te āhua nei ka hono ngā hononga katoa i ngā ngota mā te tiritiri (te ngana rānei ki te tiritiri) i ngā irahiko.
Tauhohenga matū: He tukanga e uru ana ki te whakaritenga anō o ngā ngota ngota, ngā hanganga rānei o tētahi matū, kaua ki te huringa o te āhua ā-tinana (hei tauira, mai i te totoka ki te hau).
Matū: te peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i te hanganga, te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, me ngā taunekeneke o ngā matū. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtaiao tēnei mātauranga hei ako i ngā matū tauhou, hei whakaputa uri i ngā matū whai hua i roto i ngā rahinga nui, hei hoahoa me te waihanga rānei i ngā matū whai hua hou. (o ngā matū matū) E pā ana hoki te matū ki te tauira o tētahi matū, te tikanga e whakaritea ai, ētahi rānei o ōna āhuatanga. Ko te hunga e mahi ana i tēnei mara ka kiia he kaimātai matū. (i roto i ngā pūtaiao pāpori) te kaha o te tangata ki te mahi tahi, ki te noho tahi, me te pārekareka ki te noho tahi a tētahi ki tētahi.
Huringa āhuarangi: He huringa nui, roa hoki o te āhuarangi o te Ao. Ka puta pea tēnei i te taha maori, i te taha rānei o ngā mahi a te tangata, tae atu ki te tahu hinu pūmua me te tango ngahere.
Te tango waro: e pā ana ki te nekehanga ātaahua atu i ngā hangarau poke, ngā mahi, me ngā pūtake pūngao e tuku ana i ngā hau kati kōtuhi waro, pērā i te hauhā me te methane, ki te āhuarangi. Ko te whāinga he whakaiti i te nui o ngā hau waro e whai wāhi ana ki te huringa āhuarangi.
Hiko: Te rere o te utu hiko, e puta mai ana i te nekehanga o ngā matūriki utu kino e kiia nei ko ngā irahiko.
Irahiko: he matūriki utu kino e porowhita ana i te rohe o waho o te ngota; ko ia anō hoki te kaikawe hiko i roto i ngā mea totoka.
Kaihangarau: He tangata e whakamahi ana i te pūtaiao me te pāngarau hei whakaoti rapanga. Ina whakamahia hei kupumahi, ko te kupu hangarau e pā ana ki te hoahoa i tētahi taputapu, rauemi, tukanga rānei hei whakaoti rapanga, i tētahi hiahia rānei kāore anō kia tutuki.
Etanor: He waipiro, e kiia ana ko te waipiro etil, koinei te pūtake o ngā inu waipiro pēnei i te pia, te waina, me ngā waipiro kaha. Ka whakamahia hoki hei whakarewa me te wahie (hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka konatunatua ki te penehīni).
Tātari: (n.) He mea e āhei ai ētahi rauemi kia haere, ētahi atu kia haere, i runga i tō rātou rahi, i ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei. (v.) Te tukanga whiriwhiri i ētahi matū i runga i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rahi, te mātotoru, te utu, me ētahi atu. (i roto i te ahupūngao) He ārai, he pereti, he paparanga rānei o tētahi matū e mimiti ana i te mārama, i ētahi atu irahiko rānei, e ārai ana rānei i ētahi o ōna wāhanga kia haere.
Formate: He kupu whānui mō ngā tote, ngā ester rānei o te waikawa formic, he momo waikawa ngako kua waikurahia. (Ko te ester he matū waro i hangaia mā te whakakapi i ngā ngota hauwai o ētahi waikawa ki ētahi momo rōpū rauropi. He maha ngā ngako me ngā hinu kakara he ester tūturu o ngā waikawa ngako.)
Wahie pūmua: He wahie katoa, pērā i te waro, te hinu mata, te hau māori rānei, i hangaia i roto i te Ao i ngā toenga pirau o ngā huakita, ngā tipu, ngā kararehe rānei i roto i ngā miriona tau.
Wahie: He matū e tuku ana i te pūngao mā te tauhohenga matū, karihi rānei e whakahaeretia ana. Ko ngā wahie pūngāwerewere (waro, hau māori, me te hinu) he wahie noa e tuku ana i te pūngao mā te tauhohenga matū ina werahia (te nuinga o te wā tae noa ki te wāhi e tahuna ai).
Pūtau wahie: He taputapu e huri ai te pūngao matū ki te pūngao hiko. Ko te wahie tino noa ko te hauwai, ko te hua anake o taua wahie ko te mamaoa wai.
Matawhenua: He kupu āhua e whakaahua ana i ngā mea katoa e pā ana ki te hanganga ā-tinana o te Ao, ōna rauemi, tōna hītori, me ngā tukanga e puta ana i runga. Ko te hunga e mahi ana i tēnei mara ka kiia he tohunga whenua.
Te mahana o te ao: He pikinga haere o te pāmahana whānui o te āhuarangi o te Ao nā te pānga kati kōtuhi. Ko te pānga nei nā te pikinga ake o ngā taumata o te hauhā waro, ngā hauhautanga hauorooro, me ētahi atu hau i te rangi, he maha o ēnei e tukuna ana e ngā mahi a te tangata.
Hauwai: Ko te huānga māmā rawa atu o te ao. Hei hau, kāore he tae, kāore he kakara, ā, he tino mura. He wāhanga ia o te maha o ngā wahie, ngā ngako, me ngā matū e hanga ana i te kiko ora. Kei roto ko te pūrotene (te karihi) me te irahiko e porowhita ana i a ia.
Auahatanga: (v. ki te auaha; adj. ki te auaha) He whakatikatika, he whakapainga rānei ki tētahi whakaaro, tukanga, hua rānei kua oti kē te hanga kia hou ake, kia mātau ake, kia whai hua ake, kia whai hua ake rānei.
Lye: Ko te ingoa whānui mō te wairewa konutai hauwai (NaOH). He maha ngā wā ka konatunatua te Lye ki ngā hinu huawhenua, ki ngā ngako kararehe rānei me ētahi atu kai hei hanga hopi parāoa.
Kairangahau rauemi: He kairangahau e ako ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hanganga ngota me te hanganga ngota o tētahi rauemi me ōna āhuatanga whānui. Ka taea e ngā kairangahau rauemi te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou, te tātari rānei i ngā mea o mua. Mā te tātari i ngā āhuatanga whānui o tētahi rauemi, pērā i te mātotoru, te kaha, me te ira rewa, ka āwhina i ngā kaihangarau me ētahi atu kairangahau ki te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi pai rawa atu mō ngā tono hou.
Ngota: He rōpū ngota hiko kore e tohu ana i te iti rawa o te nui o tētahi matū matū. Ka taea te hanga i ngā ngota mai i te momo ngota kotahi, i ngā momo ngota rerekē rānei. Hei tauira, ko te hāora i roto i te hau he mea hanga mai i ngā ngota hāora e rua (O2), ā, ko te wai he mea hanga mai i ngā ngota hauwai e rua me te ngota hāora kotahi (H2O).
Parahanga: He matū e poke ana i tētahi mea, pērā i te hau, te wai, te tangata, te kai rānei. Ko ētahi parahanga he matū, pērā i ngā patu pepeke. Ko ētahi atu parahanga he hihi, tae atu ki te wera nui, te mārama rānei. Ahakoa ngā taru me ētahi atu momo whakaekenga ka taea te kī he momo parahanga koiora.
Kaha: He kupu āhua e pā ana ki tētahi mea tino kaha, tino mana rānei (pērā i te iroriki, te paitini, te rongoā, te waikawa rānei).
Whakahou: He kupu āhua e pā ana ki tētahi rauemi ka taea te whakakapi mō ake tonu atu (pērā i te wai, ngā tipu matomato, te rā, me te hau). He rerekē tēnei ki ngā rauemi kāore e taea te whakahou, he iti nei te tuku, ā, ka taea te pau. Ko ngā rauemi kāore e taea te whakahou ko te hinu (me ētahi atu wahie pūmua) me ngā huānga me ngā kohuke onge.