Ka whakamahia e tēnei paetukutuku ngā pihikete hei whakapai ake i tō wheako kaiwhakamahi. Mā te whakamahi tonu i tēnei paetukutuku, e whakaae ana koe ki tā mātou kaupapa here pihikete.
Mena he nama mema ACS tāu, tāuruhia mai ki konei kia taea ai e mātou te hono i tēnei pūkete ki tō mema. (Whiringa)
E whakanuia ana e ACS tō tūmataitinga. Mā te tuku i ō mōhiohio, ka taea e koe te toro atu ki C&EN me te ohauru ki ā mātou purongo ā-wiki. Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā mōhiohio e homai ana e koe hei whakapai ake i tō wheako pānui, ā, e kore rawa mātou e hoko i ō raraunga ki ngā mema tuatoru.
I te tau 2005, i wehe atu te kamupene nui o ngā taonga kaihoko, a Colgate-Palmolive, i te pakihi hopi horoi kakahu o Amerika Te Raki mā te hoko atu i ngā hua pēnei i a Fab me Dynamo ki a Phoenix Brands. E toru tau i muri mai, i hokona atu e tētahi atu kamupene nui o ngā taonga kaihoko, a Unilever, tana raina hua hopi horoi kakahu o Amerika tae atu ki a All me Wisk ki a Sun Products.
Nā te hokonga o tana pakihi ki ngā kamupene tūmataiti iti e rua, kua kore rawa he whakataetae mō te mākete hopi horoi kakahu papai a P&G i te US. He mea whakamīharo, kāore a Procter & Gamble i kī i te wikitoria.
Ina hoki, i te tau 2014, i pouri a Alan G. Lafley, te Tumu Whakarae o Procter & Gamble (P&G) i taua wā, mō te wehenga atu o Unilever. I kī ia i hinga i a rātou te mākete waenga o te mākete hopi horoi, ā, ko ngā hua a P&G e aro nui ana ki te mākete utu nui, me te whakarato i ngā hua utu iti ki ngā kaiwhakataetae e toru. He kaihokohoko a Procter & Gamble mō ngā waitohu rongonui pērā i a Tide me Gain. Tata ki te 60% o te pakihi hopi horoi kakahu o Amerika e kapi ana i a rātou, engari he pakihi tūroa tēnei, ā, he nui te rerekētanga utu i waenga i ngā hua o te kamupene me ōna kaiwhakataetae.
I te tau i muri mai, i whakaohooho te kamupene Tiamana a Henkel i te raruraru. I whakaurua e te kamupene tana hopi horoi kounga teitei a Persil ki te Hononga o Amerika, i hokona tuatahitia mā Wal-Mart, kātahi ka whakarewahia ki ngā kaihokohoko pērā i a Target. I te tau 2016, i whakapoauau ake a Henkel i te raruraru mā te hoko i a Sun Products.
Nā te whakarewatanga o Persil i whakaora anō te pakihi hopi horoi kakahu, engari tera pea ka tere ake i tā Lafley i whakaaro ai. I te marama o Mei kua taha ake nei, i te wā i whakaingoatia ai e te maheni "Consumer Report" tētahi o ngā hua hou a Henkel, ko Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, te hopi horoi tino pai o Amerika, me tino ohorere ia me ētahi atu kaiwhakahaere o P&G. Nā te hui whakanui i pana a Tide ki te tūranga tuarua mō te wā tuatahi i roto i ngā tau.
I hangaia anō e Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) tana hua rongonui tuatahi, ko Tide Ultra Stain Release, i te tau 2016. I kī te kamupene i tāpirihia e rātou ngā matū horoi me te tango i ētahi wai, ā, i hua ake he tauira matotoru ake, he kukū ake hoki, ka taea te whakapai ake i te tango paru. I kī te maheni ko te hua te mea nui rawa atu i roto i ngā tātaritanga a Consumer Reports i muri mai, ahakoa kāore i te hiranga i runga i te tatauranga.
Nō nā tata nei, i whakarārangihia e Consumer Reports te Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent me te Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 hei ngā hopi horoi kakahu pai rawa atu i te Hononga o Amerika. Ka tirohia e C&EN ngā kai e puta ai tēnei āhua, tae atu ki ō rātou whakamahinga me ngā kaihanga.
Nō nā tata nei, i whakarārangihia e Consumer Reports te Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent me te Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 hei ngā hopi horoi kakahu pai rawa atu i te Hononga o Amerika. Ka tirohia e C&EN ngā kai e puta ai tēnei āhua, tae atu ki ō rātou whakamahinga me ngā kaihanga.
He wā tōmua rawa ki te kī mēnā ka wero nui a Henkel i a P&G ki ngā kaihoko o Amerika e hoko ana i ngā hopi horoi kakahu utu nui. Engari, ki te mea ka noho mārire ngā kaihanga matū o P&G nā te kore whakataetae, ka tino whakakorea atu rātou.
I whakamārama a Shoaib Arif, te kaiwhakahaere tono me te ratonga hangarau i Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, i te United States, he hua kounga teitei a Tide me Persil mō te pakihi, ā, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā taumata mahi e whā. I roto i ngā tau, kua āwhina a Arif me ētahi atu kaipūtaiao Pilot i te maha o ngā kamupene taputapu whare ki te tito i ngā hopi hou me ētahi atu hua horoi.
I te mākete iti te utu, he hopi horoi tino iti te utu. E ai ki a Arif, tera pea he surfactant iti te utu kei roto, pērā i te linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) me ngā kakara me ngā tae. I te wāhanga e whai ake nei o te hua, tera pea ka tāpirihia he adjuvants surfactant, he kaihanga rānei, pērā i te sodium citrate, te tackifier me te surfactant tuarua.
He matū horoi anionic a LABS, he pai ki te tango i ngā matūriki mai i ngā kakahu, ā, he pai hoki te mahi ki te kakahu miro. Ko te tuarua o ngā matū horoi noa ko te ethanol ethoxylate, he matū horoi kore-ionic, he pai ake i a LABS, inā koa mō te tango i te hinu me te paru mai i ngā muka hangai.
I te paparanga tuatoru, ka tāpirihia pea e ngā kaihanga matū he whakakanapa whatu mō te utu iti iho. Ka mimitihia e ēnei whakakanapa whatu te hihi ultraviolet ka tukuna ki te wāhi kikorangi kia kanapa ake ai ngā kākahu. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā matū horoi pai ake, ngā matū chelating, ētahi atu kaihanga me ngā polymer ārai-whakarewa i roto i ēnei momo matū, ka taea te hopu i te paru mai i te wai horoi kia kore ai e toe ki runga i te papanga.
Ko ngā hopi horoi tino utu nui e tohuhia ana e te nui o te surfactant me te maha atu o ngā surfactants, pērā i te waipiro sulfates, te waipiro ethoxy sulfates, te amine oxides, te hopi waikawa ngako me ngā cations. Kei roto hoki i tēnei kāwai ngā polymers hopu oneone tauhou (ko ētahi i hangaia mō ngā kamupene pērā i a Procter & Gamble me Henkel) me ngā whākōkī.
Heoi, e whakatūpato ana a Arif he uaua anō te kohikohi o ngā kai. Ki tētahi taumata, he pūtaiao te hanganga hopi horoi, ā, e mōhio ana ngā kaimātai matū ki te kounga o ngā wāhanga matū, pērā i te mahi mata o ngā surfactants.
I whakamārama ia: "Heoi, ina oti te whakawhanake i te tauira, ka pāngia ēnei mea katoa e tetahi ki tetahi, ā, kāore e taea te matapae i te mahi a te tauira whakamutunga." "Me whakamātau tonu koe kia tino whai hua ai i te ao tūturu."
Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā matū horoi me ngā kaihanga te aukati i te mahi a te whākōkī, e ai ki tā Arif. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga hopi te whakamahi i ngā mea whakau whākōkī (pēnei i te konutai borate me te konupūmā formate) hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru.
I kī a Franco Pala, te kairangahau matua o te Kaupapa Hopi Hopi o te Ao a Battelle, ka raru pea te nui o te ihirangi surfactant e kitea ana i roto i ngā waitohu hopi hopi kounga teitei. "Ehara i te mea ngāwari te tāpiri i te maha o ngā surfactants i te nui o te kukū," te whakamārama a Pala. Ka raru te wairewa, ā, ka raru anō hoki ngā taunekeneke kino i waenga i ngā surfactants.
I tīmata te kaupapa Battelle maha-kiritaki i arahina e Pala i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1990 mā te tātari i te hanganga o ngā waitohu hua horoi nui o te ao. E whakamahi ana a Battelle i tētahi raupapa taputapu pūtaiao hei āwhina i ngā kaipupuri waitohu me ngā kaiwhakarato rauemi mata ki te neke atu i te rārangi kai anake kia mārama ai, hei tauira, te nui o te ethoxylation o ngā surfactants, mehemea rānei he rārangi, he peka rānei te tuara o te surfactant.
I kī a Para i ēnei rā, he puna nui ngā pūmua mō te auahatanga i roto i ngā kai hopi horoi. Hei tauira, kei roto i ngā hua Tide me Persil te polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, he pūmua mimiti paru i whakawhanakehia e BASF mā Procter & Gamble, engari kua whānui ake te wātea ki ngā kaihanga hopi horoi.
I kī a Pala kei roto hoki i ētahi hopi horoi kounga teitei ngā copolymers waikawa terephthalic, ka hipoki i te papanga i te wā horoi, kia māmā ai te tango i ngā paru me te paru i te wā horoinga o muri mai. Ka whakamahia e Battelle ngā taputapu pēnei i te gel permeation chromatography hei wehe i ngā polymers, kātahi ka whakamahia te infrared spectroscopy hei whakatau i tō rātou hanganga.
Ka aro nui hoki te kaupapa Battelle ki ngā whākōkī, arā, he hua hangarau koiora e whakapai tonuhia ana e ngā kaihanga i ia tau. Hei aromatawai i te mahi a te whākōkī, i whakaaturia e te tīma a Pala te whākōkī ki tētahi papa kei roto he chromophore. Ina pakaru te papa e te whākōkī, ka tukuna te chromophore, ā, ka inehia mā te mimiti, mā te inenga fluorescence rānei.
Ko ngā pūmua e whakaeke ana i ngā pūmua ngā whākōkī tuatahi i tāpirihia ki ngā hopi horoi i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1960. Ko ngā whākōkī i tāpirihia ki te taputapu i muri mai ko te amylase, e wawahi ana i te māngaro, me te mannanase, e wawahi ana i ngā mea whakamātotoru mō te kapia guar. Ina maringi ngā kai kei roto te guar (pēnei i te aihikirīmi me te ranu barbecue) ki runga i ngā kākahu, ka noho tonu te kapia ngaungau ki runga i ngā kākahu ahakoa kua horoia. Ka mau ki roto i te papanga, ā, ka whakamahia pērā i te kāpia mō te paru kirikiri, ka puta he paru e uaua ana ki te tango.
Kei roto i ngā Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 me Tide Ultra Stain Release te protease, te amylase me te mannanase.
Kei roto hoki i te Persil te lipase (ka taea te wawahi i te ngako) me te cellulase (ka taea te horoi ā-kore mā te whakawhaiti i ētahi here glycosidic i roto i te muka miro) hei tango i te paru e piri ana ki te muka. Ka taea hoki e te cellulase te whakangawari i te miro me te whakapai ake i tōna kanapa tae. I taua wā anō, e ai ki ngā tuhinga patent, ko te āhuatanga ahurei o te hopi horoi tai ko te glucanase, ka taea te wawahi i ngā polysaccharides kāore e taea e te amylase te wawahi.
Kua roa a Novozymes me DuPont e hanga ana i ngā whākōkī nui, engari kua uru mai a BASF ki te pakihi i roto i te ahua o ngā protease. I te Huihuinga Hua Horoi i tū ki Tiamana i te ngahuru kua hipa, i whakatairanga a BASF i te whakakotahitanga o tana protease hou me te polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, me te kī ka whakaratohia e te ranunga he mahi whakarei ake mō ngā kiritaki e hiahia ana ki te hanga hopi horoi mō te horoi i te pāmahana iti.
Ina hoki, e kī ana a Arif me ētahi atu kaimātakitaki mākete ko te tuku i ngā kaihanga hopi horoi ki te hanga i ngā kai e hiahia ana ki te iti o te whakapaunga pūngao, ki te tiaki taiao rānei mai i ngā puna taiao te rohe e whai ake nei i roto i te umanga. I te marama o Mei i te tau kua hipa, i whakarewahia e P&G a Tide Purclean, he putanga o tana waitohu rongonui, e 65% o ngā kai e ahu mai ana i ngā tipu. Kātahi, i te marama o Oketopa, i hokona e Unilever a Seventh Generation, he kaihanga hopi horoi tipu me ētahi atu hua horoi, kia hoki anō ki te mākete hopi horoi o Amerika.
Ahakoa he wero tonu te huri i ngā kai pai rawa atu hei hopi horoi toa, "he mea taiao ake te ia o ēnei rā," te kī a Arif. "Kei te pātai ngā kaihoko, 'Me pēhea tātou e hanga ai i ngā hua taiao e iti ake ai te paitini ki te tangata me te taiao, engari he pai tonu te mahi?'