Ko te tuhinga nei he wāhanga o te kaupapa rangahau "Ngā hangarau whakaora koiora matatau me ngā tukanga hangarua matū waro hangai (SOC)". Tirohia ngā tuhinga katoa e 14.
Ko ngā waikura kakara polycyclic (PAH) taumaha-iti te taumaha pēnei i te naphthalene me ngā naphthalene whakakapi (methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate, me ētahi atu) e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi maha, ā, he paitini ira-ira, he mutagenic me/ranei he carcinogenic ki ngā rauropi. Ko ēnei matū rauropi hangai (SOC) me ngā xenobiotics e kiia ana he poke matua, ā, he tino mōrearea ki te taiao o te ao me te hauora o te marea. Ko te kaha o ngā mahi a te tangata (hei tauira, te whakapūnga waro, te whakamahine hinu, ngā tukunga waka me ngā tono ahuwhenua) e whakatau ana i te kukū, te mutunga me te kawe o ēnei matū e noho whānui ana, e mau tonu ana. Haunga ngā tikanga maimoatanga/tangohanga ā-tinana me te matū, kua puta ake ngā hangarau matomato me te hoa taiao pēnei i te bioremediation, e whakamahi ana i ngā moroiti ka taea te whakaiti katoa i ngā POC, te huri rānei i a rātou hei hua taha kore-paitini, hei huarahi haumaru, whai hua me te whai hua. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā momo huakita maha o te phyla Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Burkholderia, me Neosphingobacterium), Firmicutes (Bacillus me Paenibacillus), me Actinobacteria (Rhodococcus me Arthrobacter) i roto i ngā microbiota oneone te kaha ki te whakangaro i ngā momo matū waro. Mā ngā rangahau pākia, ngā ira tangata, me te tātari metagenomic ka mārama tātou ki te uauatanga catabolic me te kanorau kei roto i ēnei momo ora ngāwari, ka taea te whakamahi anō mō ​​te pirau koiora whai hua. Nā te noho roa o ngā PAH kua puta ake ngā momo pirau hou mā te whakawhiti ira whakapae mā te whakamahi i ngā huānga ira pēnei i ngā plasmid, ngā transposons, ngā bacteriophages, ngā moutere ira tangata, me ngā huānga honohono whakauru. Mā te koiora pūnaha me te hangarau ira o ngā momo motuhake, ngā hapori tauira rānei (consortia) ka taea te whakaora koiora whānui, tere me te whai hua o ēnei PAH mā roto i ngā pānga tahi. I roto i tēnei arotake, ka arotahi mātou ki ngā ara rerekē o te pākia me te kanorau, te hanganga ira me te kanorau, me ngā urupare/urunga pūtau o te naphthalene me ngā huakita whakakore naphthalene kua whakakapia. Mā tēnei ka whakaratohia he mōhiohio taiao mō te tono mara me te arotau i ngā momo momo mō te whakaora koiora whai hua.
Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi (ngā matū hinu, te ahuwhenua, ngā rongoā, ngā tae kakahu, ngā mea whakapaipai, me ētahi atu) kua whai wāhi ki te oranga ōhanga o te ao me te whakapai ake i ngā paerewa oranga. Nā tēnei whanaketanga tere kua puta te maha o ngā matū waro hangai (SOC), e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā momo hua. Kei roto i ēnei matū ke, ngā SOC rānei, ko ngā hauwaiwai kakara polycyclic (PAH), ngā patu pepeke, ngā patu taru, ngā mea hanga kirihou, ngā tae, ngā rongoā, ngā phosphate organo, ngā mea aukati ahi, ngā whakarewa waro mimiti, me ētahi atu. Ka tukuna atu ēnei ki te hau, ki ngā rauropi wai me te whenua, he maha ngā pānga, ka pā kino ki ngā momo koiora mā te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te hanganga hapori (Petrie et al., 2015; Bernhardt et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2020). He maha ngā poke kakara he pānga kaha, he pānga kino hoki ki ngā pūnaha rauropi/ngā wāhi wera koiora (hei tauira, ngā toka korara, ngā papa hukapapa o te Arctic/Antarctic, ngā roto maunga teitei, ngā paru moana hohonu, me ētahi atu) (Jones 2010; Beyer et al. 2020; Nordborg et al. 2020). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau geomicrobiological tata nei ko te whakatakotoranga o ngā mea rauropi hangai (hei tauira, ngā poke kakara) me ō rātou hua ki runga i ngā mata o ngā hanganga hangai (taiao hanga) (hei tauira, ngā wāhi tuku iho ahurea me ngā whakamaharatanga i hangaia ki te karāhe, te kōhatu, te rakau me te whakarewa) ka tere ake te pirau (Gadd 2017; Liu et al. 2018). Ka taea e ngā mahi a te tangata te whakanui ake me te whakararu i te pirau koiora o ngā whakamaharatanga me ngā whare mā te parahanga hau me te huringa āhuarangi (Liu et al. 2020). Ka tauhohe ēnei poke rauropi ki te mamaoa wai i te āhuarangi ka tau ki runga i te hanganga, ka puta te pirau ā-tinana me te matū o te rauemi. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana te pirau koiora hei huringa kāore e hiahiatia ki te āhua me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi i puta mai i ngā mea ora e pā ana ki tō rātou tiakitanga (Pochon and Jaton, 1967). Ka taea e te mahi a ngā moroiti (metabolism) o ēnei pūhui te whakaiti i te hanganga pono, te whai huatanga o te tiaki me te uara ahurea (Gadd, 2017; Liu et al., 2018). I tētahi atu taha, i ētahi wā, kua kitea he pai te urutau me te urupare a ngā moroiti ki ēnei hanganga, nā te mea ka hangaia he biofilm me ētahi atu kiriuhi tiaki e whakaiti ana i te tere o te pirau/te pirau (Martino, 2016). Nō reira, ko te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki tiaki pumau mō te wā roa mō ngā tohu kohatu, whakarewa me te rakau me mārama pai ki ngā tukanga matua e uru ana ki tēnei tukanga. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tukanga taiao (ngā tukanga whenua, ngā ahi ngahere, ngā pahūtanga puia, ngā tauhohenga tipu me te huakita), ka hua ake i ngā mahi a te tangata te tukunga o ngā rahinga nui o ngā hauwaiwai kakara polycyclic (PAH) me ētahi atu waro waro (OC) ki roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi. He maha ngā PAH e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua (ngā patu pepeke me ngā patu pepeke pēnei i te DDT, atrazine, carbaryl, pentachlorophenol, me ētahi atu), ngā ahumahi (hinu mata, paru/para hinu, kirihou i ahu mai i te hinu, PCB, plasticizers, hopi horoi, patu huakita, kaiwhakawera ahi, kakara me ngā mea tiaki), ngā hua tiaki whaiaro (ngā pare ārai rā, patu huakita, ārai pepeke me ngā polycyclic musks) me ngā patu (ngā pahū pēnei i te 2,4,6-TNT) he xenobiotics pea ka pā ki te hauora o te ao (Srogi, 2007; Vamsee-Krishna me Phale, 2008; Petrie et al., 2015). Ka taea te whakawhānui ake i tēnei rārangi kia uru atu ai ngā matū i ahu mai i te hinu (hinu wahie, hinu whakahinuhinu, asphaltenes), ngā kirihou koiora taumaha-ngota teitei, me ngā wai ionic (Amde et al., 2015). Kei te Ripanga 1 ngā momo poke kakara me ā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā ahumahi rerekē. I ngā tau tata nei, kua tīmata te piki haere o ngā tukunga a te tangata o ngā matū waro pūngāwerewere, tae atu ki te hauhā waro me ētahi atu hau kati kōtuhi (Dvorak et al., 2017). Heoi, he nui ake ngā pānga a te tangata i ngā pānga taiao. Hei tāpiri, i kitea e mātou he maha ngā SOC e mau tonu ana i roto i ngā taiao maha, ā, kua tautuhia ko rātou he poke hou ake me ngā pānga kino ki ngā koiora (Pikitia 1). Kua whakaurua e ngā tari taiao pēnei i te United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) te nuinga o ēnei poke ki roto i tā rātou rārangi matua nā ō rātou āhuatanga paitini pūtau, paitini ira tangata, whakarerekētanga matū, me te whakaputa mate pukupuku. Nō reira, me whai ture tino pakari mō te tuku para me ngā rautaki whai hua mō te maimoatanga/tango para mai i ngā pūnaha rauropi poke. He maha ngā tikanga maimoatanga ā-tinana me te matū pēnei i te pyrolysis, te maimoatanga wera waikura, te whakapūngao hau, te tāpui whenua, te tahunga, me ētahi atu, kāore e whai hua, e utu nui ana, ā, ka puta he hua taha waikura, paitini, me te uaua ki te rongoā. I te pikinga ake o te mōhiotanga taiao o te ao, kei te aro nui haere ngā moroiti ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei poke me ō rātou hua (pēnei i te halogenated, nitro, alkyl me/ranei te methyl) (Fennell et al., 2004; Haritash and Kaushik, 2009; Phale et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2020; Schwanemann et al., 2020). Ko te whakamahinga o ēnei moroiti taketake anake, i roto rānei i ngā ahurea whakauru (koroni) hei tango i ngā poke kakara, he painga mō te haumaru taiao, te utu, te whai hua, te whai huatanga, me te pumau. Kei te tūhuratia hoki e ngā kairangahau te whakaurunga o ngā tukanga moroiti me ngā tikanga redox hikohiko, arā, ngā pūnaha bioelectrochemical (BES), hei hangarau whai hua mō te maimoatanga/tango poke (Huang et al., 2011). Kua piki haere te aro ki te hangarau BES nā te mea he nui te whai huatanga, he iti te utu, he haumaru taiao, he whakahaere i te pāmahana rūma, he rauemi hototahi ki te koiora, me te kaha ki te whakaora i ngā hua taha whai hua (hei tauira, te hiko, te wahie, me ngā matū) (Pant et al., 2012; Nazari et al., 2020). Nā te taenga mai o ngā taputapu/tikanga raupapatanga ira me te omics tere-whakaputa kua whakaratohia he nui ngā mōhiohio hou mō te whakahaere ira, te proteomics, me te fluxomics o ngā tauhohenga o ngā momo moroiti whakangaro. Mā te whakakotahi i ēnei taputapu me te koiora pūnaha kua whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te kōwhiringa me te whakatikatika i ngā ara catabolic ūnga i roto i ngā moroiti (arā, te hoahoa pākia) kia tutuki ai te pirau koiora whai hua me te whai hua. Hei hoahoa i ngā rautaki whakaora koiora whai hua mā te whakamahi i ngā moroiti kaitono e tika ana, me mārama tātou ki te pūmanawa matū koiora, te kanorau pākia, te hanganga ira, me te rauropi (autoecology/synecology) o ngā moroiti.
Pikitia 1. Ngā pūtake me ngā ara o ngā PAH iti-ngota i roto i ngā taiao rerekē me ngā āhuatanga rerekē e pā ana ki ngā koiora. Ko ngā rārangi whatiwhati e tohu ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā huānga rauropi.
I roto i tēnei arotake, kua ngana mātou ki te whakarāpopoto i ngā raraunga mō te pakaru o ngā PAH māmā pēnei i te naphthalene me ngā naphthalene kua whakakapia e ngā momo momo kitakita e kapi ana i ngā ara pākia me te kanorau, ngā whākōkī e uru ana ki te pakaru, te hanganga/te ihirangi ira me te kanorau, ngā urupare pūtau me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te whakaora koiora. Mā te mārama ki ngā taumata matū koiora me te ngota ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā momo pūtau manaaki e tika ana me tā rātou hangarau ira anō mō ​​te whakaora koiora whai hua o aua poke matua. Ka āwhina tēnei i te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki mō te whakatū i ngā rōpū kitakita motuhake ki te wāhi hei whakaora koiora whai hua.
Ko te noho mai o te tini o ngā matū kakara paitini me te morearea (e tutuki ana i te ture Huckel 4n + 2π irahiko, n = 1, 2, 3, …) he tūmomo mōrearea nui ki ngā momo taiao pēnei i te hau, te oneone, ngā paru, me te mata me te wai whenua (Puglisi et al., 2007). He mowhiti benzene kotahi (monocyclic) he maha rānei ngā mowhiti benzene (polycyclic) o ēnei matū, he āhua rārangi, he āhua koki, he āhua rōpū rānei, ā, ka whakaatu i te pumau (pūmautanga/kore pumau) i roto i te taiao nā te kaha teitei o te haruru kino me te koretake (inertness), ka taea te whakamārama mā te hydrophobicity me te āhua iti iho. Ina whakakapia anō te mowhiti kakara e ngā rōpū methyl (-CH3), carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), sulfonate (-HSO3) rānei, ka nui ake te pumau, ka kaha ake te hononga ki ngā macromolecules, ā, ka bioaccumulatory i roto i ngā pūnaha koiora (Seo et al., 2009; Phale et al., 2020). Ko ētahi o ngā warowaihā kakara polycyclic taumaha-iti (LMWAH), pērā i te naphthalene me ōna hua [methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, naphthalenesulfonate, me te 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl)], kua whakaurua ki te rārangi o ngā poke rauropi matua e te US Environmental Protection Agency hei ira-paitini, mutagenic, me/ranei carcinogenic (Cerniglia, 1984). Mā te tukunga o tēnei akomanga o ngā NM-PAH ki te taiao ka hua ake te kohikohinga koiora o ēnei pūhui i ngā taumata katoa o te mekameka kai, ā, ka pā ki te hauora o ngā pūnaha rauropi (Binkova et al., 2000; Srogi, 2007; Quinn et al., 2009).
Ko ngā pūtake me ngā ara o ngā PAH ki ngā mea ora ko te hekenga me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā wāhanga rauropi rerekē pērā i te oneone, te wai whenua, te wai mata, ngā hua me te āhuarangi (Arey and Atkinson, 2003). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i ngā taunekeneke me te tohatoha o ngā PAH taumaha ngota iti rerekē i roto i ngā rauropi me ō rātou ara ki te pānga ki te mea ora/tangata. Ka whakatakotoria ngā PAH ki runga i ngā mata hei hua o te parahanga hau, me te hekenga (rerenga) o ngā tukunga waka, ngā hau putanga ahumahi (te whakapūnga waro, te tahu me te hanga kōka) me ō rātou whakatakotoranga. Ko ngā mahi ahumahi pērā i te hanga kakahu hangai, ngā tae me ngā peita; te tiaki rakau; te tukatuka rapa; ngā mahi hanga sima; te hanga patu pepeke; me ngā tono ahuwhenua ko ngā pūtake matua o ngā PAH i roto i ngā pūnaha whenua me te wai (Bamforth and Singleton, 2005; Wick et al., 2011). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he ngawari ake te pāngia o ngā oneone i ngā tāone nui me ngā tāone iti, e tata ana ki ngā huarahi tere, me ngā tāone nui e ngā hauwaiwai kakara polycyclic (PAH) nā runga i ngā tukunga mai i ngā tipu hiko, te whakamahana whare, ngā kawenga waka me te hau, me ngā mahi hanga (Suman et al., 2016). I whakaatuhia e (2008) ko ngā PAH i roto i te oneone e tata ana ki ngā rori i New Orleans, Louisiana, USA he teitei ki te 7189 μg/kg, engari i te wāhi tuwhera, he 2404 μg/kg noa iho. Waihoki, kua pūrongohia ngā taumata PAH tae atu ki te 300 μg/kg i ngā wāhi e tata ana ki ngā wāhi whakapūnga waro i roto i ētahi tāone o Amerika (Kanaly me Harayama, 2000; Bamforth me Singleton, 2005). Kua pūrongohia he nui ngā kukū o ngā PAH kei roto i ngā oneone o ngā tāone nui o Īnia pērā i a Delhi (Sharma et al., 2008), Agra (Dubey et al., 2014), Mumbai (Kulkarni and Venkataraman, 2000) me Visakhapatnam (Kulkarni et al., 2014). He māmā ake te mimiti o ngā matū kakara ki ngā matūriki oneone, ngā mea rauropi me ngā kohuke uku, ā, ka noho hei puna waro nui i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi (Srogi, 2007; Peng et al., 2008). Ko ngā pūtake matua o ngā PAH i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi wai ko te ua (te ua mākū/maroke me te kohu wai), te rerenga wai o te tāone, te tukunga wai para, te whakahokinga wai whenua me ētahi atu (Srogi, 2007). E kiia ana tata ki te 80% o ngā PAH i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi moana i ahu mai i te ua, te whakatōpuku, me te tukunga para (Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Srogi, 2007). Ko te nui ake o ngā kukū o ngā PAH i roto i te wai mata, i te wai rere rānei mai i ngā wāhi tuku para totoka ka turuturu ki roto i te wai whenua, ka waiho hei tūmomo mōrearea nui ki te hauora o te marea nā te mea neke atu i te 70% o te taupori o Āhia ki te Tonga me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti e inu ana i te wai whenua (Duttagupta et al., 2019). I roto i tētahi rangahau tata nei nā Duttagupta et al. (2020) mō ngā tātaritanga awa (32) me te wai whenua (235) mai i West Bengal, Īnia, i kitea ai e tata ana ki te 53% o ngā tāngata noho tāone me te 44% o ngā tāngata noho taiwhenua (20 miriona tāngata katoa) ka pāngia pea e te naphthalene (4.9–10.6 μg/L) me ōna hua. Ko ngā tauira whakamahinga whenua rerekē me te pikinga o te tango wai whenua te mea nui e whakahaere ana i te kawe poutū (advection) o ngā PAH taumaha ngota iti ki raro i te mata. Kua kitea ko te rerenga ahuwhenua, ngā tukunga wai para o te tāone me te ahumahi, me ngā tukunga para totoka/para ka pāngia e ngā PAH i roto i ngā awaawa me ngā paru o raro i te mata. Ka nui ake te kino o te ua i te āhuarangi ki te parahanga PAH. Kua pūrongohia ngā kukū tiketike o ngā PAH me ō rātou alkyl derivatives (51 katoa) i roto i ngā awa/ngā rohe wai puta noa i te ao, pērā i te Awa Fraser, te Awa Louan, te Awa Denso, te Awa Missouri, te Awa Anacostia, te Awa Ebro, me te Awa Delaware (Yunker et al., 2002; Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010; Amoako et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2018). I roto i ngā para o te awa Ganges, i kitea ko te naphthalene me te phenanthrene ngā mea tino nui (i kitea i roto i te 70% o ngā tauira) (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Heoi anō, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te whakapūkara i te wai inu ka arahi ki te hanganga o ngā PAH whai hāora me ngā PAH whai pūkara paitini (Manoli and Samara, 1999). Ka kohia ngā PAH i roto i ngā witi, ngā hua me ngā huawhenua nā te mimiti a ngā tipu mai i ngā oneone poke, te wai whenua me te ua (Fismes et al., 2002). He maha ngā rauropi wai pērā i te ika, te kūtai, te kōura me te parāoa kua poke i ngā PAH mā te kai i ngā kai poke me te wai moana, tae atu ki roto i ngā kiko me te kiri (Mackay and Fraser, 2000). Ko ngā tikanga tunu/tukatuka pērā i te tunutunu, te tunutunu, te momi hikareti, te parai, te whakamaroke, te tunu me te tunu waro ka arahi pea ki te nui o ngā PAH i roto i te kai. Ko te nuinga o tēnei ka whakawhirinaki ki te kōwhiringa o te rauemi momi hikareti, te ihirangi hauwai phenolic/kakara, te tukanga tunu, te momo whakamahana, te ihirangi makuku, te tuku hāora me te pāmahana tahunga (Guillén et al., 2000; Gomes et al., 2013). Kua kitea hoki ngā hauwai hauwai polycyclic aromatic (PAH) i roto i te miraka i ngā kukū rerekē (0.75–2.1 mg/L) (Girelli et al., 2014). Ko te kohikohinga o ēnei PAH i roto i te kai e whakawhirinaki ana hoki ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū o te kai, ko ō rātou pānga paitini e pā ana ki ngā mahi ā-tinana, te mahi pākia o te kai, te mimiti, te tohatoha me te tohatoha o te tinana (Mechini et al., 2011).
Kua roa e mōhiotia ana te paitini me ngā pānga kino o ngā hauwaiwaro kakara polycyclic (PAH) (Cherniglia, 1984). Ka taea e ngā hauwaiwaro kakara polycyclic taumaha ngota iti (LMW-PAH) (e rua ki te toru ngā mowhiti) te here tahi ki ngā macromolecules maha pērā i te DNA, te RNA me ngā pūmua, ā, he mate pukupuku (Santarelli et al., 2008). Nā te āhua hydrophobic, ka wehea rātou e ngā kiriuhi lipid. I roto i te tangata, ka whakakōkīhia e ngā cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ngā PAH ki ngā epoxides, ko ētahi he tino tauhohe (hei tauira, te baediol epoxide) ā, ka taea te huri i ngā pūtau noa ki ngā pūtau kino (Marston et al., 2001). Hei tāpiri, ko ngā hua hurihanga o ngā PAH pērā i te quinones, phenols, epoxides, diols, me ētahi atu he paitini ake i ngā matū matua. Ka pā pea ētahi PAH me ā rātou takawaenga pākia ki ngā homoni me ngā momo whākōkī i roto i te pākia o te pākia, ā, ka pā kino ki te tipu, ki te pūnaha io matua, ki te pūnaha whakaputa uri me te pūnaha ārai mate (Swetha and Phale, 2005; Vamsee-Krishna et al., 2006; Oostingh et al., 2008). Kua pūrongohia ko te pānga poto ki ngā PAH iti te taumaha ngota ka pā kino ki te mahi a ngā pūkahukahu me te thrombosis i roto i ngā tāngata mate huango, ā, ka piki ake te mōrearea o ngā mate pukupuku kiri, pūkahukahu, pūkahukahu me te puku (Olsson et al., 2010; Diggs et al., 2011). Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau kararehe ka pā kino te pānga o te PAH ki te mahi whakaputa uri me te whanaketanga, ā, ka pā kino ki te katarata, te kino o te whatukuhu me te ate, me te jaundice. Kua whakaaturia he maha ngā hua biotransformation PAH pēnei i te diols, epoxides, quinones me ngā radicals kore utu (cations) ka hanga i ngā adducts DNA. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tāpiringa pumau te whakarerekētanga o te mīhini tāruarua DNA, engari ka taea e ngā tāpiringa pumau te tango i te DNA (te nuinga ki te adenine, ā, i ētahi wā ki te guanine); ka taea e ēnei e rua te whakaputa hapa ka arahi ki ngā whakarerekētanga (Schweigert et al. 2001). Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā quinones (benzo-/pan-) te whakaputa i ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS), ka puta he kino kino ki te DNA me ētahi atu macromolecules, ka pā ki te mahi/ora o te kiko (Ewa and Danuta 2017). Kua pūrongohia ko te pānga roa ki ngā kukū iti o te pyrene, biphenyl me te naphthalene ka puta he mate pukupuku i roto i ngā kararehe whakamātautau (Diggs et al. 2012). Nā te mea he paitini whakamate, ko te horoi/tango i ēnei PAH mai i ngā wāhi kua pāngia/kua poke he mea nui.
He maha ngā tikanga ā-tinana me te matū kua whakamahia hei tango i ngā PAH mai i ngā wāhi/taiao poke. He maha ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā tukanga pēnei i te tahunga, te tango i te pūmua, te whakapūngao UV, te whakapiri, me te tango whakarewa, tae atu ki te hanganga o ngā hua paitini, te uaua o te tukanga, ngā take haumaru me ngā ture, te iti o te whai huatanga, me te utu nui. Heoi, ko te pirau koiora moroiti (e kiia nei ko te whakaora koiora) he huarahi kē atu e whai hua ana, e whakamahi ana i ngā moroiti i roto i te ahua o ngā ahurea parakore, o ngā koroni rānei. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tikanga ā-tinana me te matū, he pai tēnei tukanga ki te taiao, kāore e pokanoa, he whai hua te utu, ā, he pumau. Ka taea te whakahaere i te whakaora koiora i te wāhi kua pāngia (in situ) i tētahi wāhi kua whakaritea motuhaketia rānei (ex situ) ā, nō reira e kiia ana he tikanga whakaora pumau ake i ngā tikanga ā-tinana me te matū tuku iho (Juhasz and Naidu, 2000; Andreoni and Gianfreda, 2007; Megharaj et al., 2011; Phale et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2020).
He nui ngā pānga pūtaiao me ngā pānga ōhanga o te mārama ki ngā mahi pākia o te moroiti e uru ana ki te whakapōrearea i ngā poke kakara, ā, he nui hoki ngā pānga ki te oranga tonutanga o te taiao me te taiao. E 2.1×1018 karamu o te waro (C) e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā paru me ngā matū waro (arā, te hinu, te hau māori, me te waro, arā, ngā wahie pūmua) puta noa i te ao, ā, he nui te takoha ki te huringa waro o te ao. Heoi, ko te tere o te ahumahi, te tango wahie pūmua, me ngā mahi a te tangata kei te whakaiti i ēnei puna waro lithospheric, e tuku ana i te 5.5×1015 karamu o te waro waro (hei poke) ki te āhuarangi i ia tau (Gonzalez-Gaya et al., 2019). Ko te nuinga o tēnei waro waro ka uru ki ngā pūnaha rauropi whenua me te moana mā te whakapōrearea, te kawe, me te rere. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā poke hangai hou i ahu mai i ngā wahie pūmua, pērā i ngā kirihou, ngā mea whakapūmau kirihou me ngā mea whakaū kirihou (phthalates me ō rātou isomers), ka tino whakapoke i ngā pūnaha rauropi moana, oneone me te wai me ō rātou koiora, ā, ka whakanui ake i ngā mōrearea āhuarangi o te ao. Kua kohia ngā momo kirihou iti, ngā kirihou nano, ngā kongakonga kirihou me ā rātou hua monomer paitini i ahu mai i te polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ki te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i waenganui i Amerika Te Raki me Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti, ka hanga ko te "Papa Para Nui o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa", ka kino ki ngā mea ora o te moana (Newell et al., 2020). Kua whakamātauhia e ngā rangahau pūtaiao kāore e taea te tango i aua para/para mā roto i ngā tikanga ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ko ngā moroiti tino whai hua ko ērā e kaha ana ki te whakapūmau i ngā para ki te hauhā waro, te pūngao matū me ētahi atu hua taha kore-paitini ka uru atu ki ētahi atu tukanga huringa matūkai (H, O, N, S, P, Fe, me ētahi atu). Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki te āhuarangi moroiti o te whakapūmautanga o te kohuke para kakara me tōna whakahaere taiao hei aromatawai i te huringa waro moroiti, te tahua waro kupenga me ngā mōrearea āhuarangi ā muri ake nei. I te mea he hiahia nui ki te tango i aua matū mai i te taiao, kua puta ake ngā ahumahi taiao e aro ana ki ngā hangarau ma. Heoi anō, ko te whakanui ake i ngā para ahumahi/ngā matū para kua kohia i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi (arā, te huarahi para ki te whai rawa) e kiia ana ko tētahi o ngā pou o te ōhanga porowhita me ngā whāinga whanaketanga tauwhiro (Close et al., 2012). Nō reira, ko te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pākia, whākōkī me te ira o ēnei kaitono pirau pea he mea tino nui mō te tango me te whakaora koiora i aua poke kakara.
I roto i ngā poke kakara maha, ka aro nui mātou ki ngā PAH iti-taumaha-ngota pērā i te naphthalene me ngā naphthalene whakakapi. Ko ēnei matū he wāhanga nui o ngā wahie i ahu mai i te hinu, ngā tae kakahu, ngā hua kaihoko, ngā patu pepeke (ngā pōro nawe me ngā ārai pepeke), ngā mea hanga kirihou me ngā tannin, nō reira he whānuitia i roto i te maha o ngā pūnaha rauropi (Preuss et al., 2003). E whakaatu ana ngā pūrongo hou i te kohikohinga o ngā kukū naphthalene i roto i ngā paru wai, ngā oneone wai whenua me ngā oneone o raro i te mata, ngā rohe vadose me ngā moenga awa, e whakaatu ana i tōna kohikohinga koiora i roto i te taiao (Duttagupta et al., 2019, 2020). E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 2 i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ngā tono me ngā pānga hauora o te naphthalene me ōna hua. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu PAH taumaha-ngota teitei, he iti ake te hydrophobic o te naphthalene me ōna hua, he wairewa-wai ake, ā, he whānui te horapa i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei tauira tauira hei ako i te pākia o te tinana, te ira me te kanorau pākia o ngā PAH. He nui ngā moroiti ka taea te whakapūkara i te naphthalene me ōna hua, ā, kei te wātea ngā mōhiohio whānui mō ō rātou ara pākia, ngā whākōkī me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere (Mallick et al., 2011; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Hei tāpiri, kua tohua te naphthalene me ōna hua hei tauira matū mō te aromatawai parahanga taiao nā te nui me te wātea o te koiora. E whakatau ana te Tari Tiaki Taiao o Amerika ko te taumata toharite o te naphthalene he 5.19 μg ia mita pūtoru mai i te paowa hikareti, mai i te tahunga kāore i oti, me te 7.8 ki te 46 μg mai i te paowa taha, ko te pānga ki te creosote me te naphthalene he 100 ki te 10,000 ngā wā teitei ake (Preuss et al. 2003). Kua kitea he paitini manawa me te kaha whakaputa mate pukupuku te naphthalene, inā koa he momo, he rohe, he ira tangata. I runga i ngā rangahau kararehe, kua whakarōpūhia e te International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) te naphthalene hei "carcinogen tangata pea" (Rōpū 2B)1. Ko te pānga ki ngā naphthalene kua whakakapia, mā te manawa, mā te whakahaere parenteral (ā-waha) rānei, ka whara te kiko o te pukahukahu, ā, ka piki ake te maha o ngā pukupuku pukahukahu i roto i ngā kiore me ngā kiore (National Toxicology Program 2). Ko ngā pānga ohorere ko te whakapairuaki, te ruaki, te mamae o te puku, te korere, te ānini, te pōhēhē, te werawera nui, te kirika, te tachycardia, me ētahi atu. I tētahi atu taha, kua pūrongohia te patu pepeke carbamate whānui-ahuwhenua carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) he paitini ki ngā invertebrates wai, ngā amphibians, ngā pī honi me te tangata, ā, kua whakaaturia ka aukati i te acetylcholinesterase e meinga ai te pararutiki (Smulders et al., 2003; Bulen and Distel, 2011). Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā tikanga o te whakahekenga microbial, te whakahaere ira, ngā tauhohenga enzymatic me te pūtau mō te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki bioremediation i roto i ngā taiao poke.
Ripanga 2. Ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ngā whakamahinga, ngā tikanga tautuhi me ngā mate e pā ana ki te naphthalene me ōna hua.
I roto i ngā wāhi poke, ka taea e ngā poke kakara hydrophobic me lipophilic te whakaputa i ngā momo pānga pūtau ki te microbiome taiao (hapori), pērā i ngā huringa o te rere o te membrane, te uruhanga o te membrane, te pupuhi o te lipid bilayer, te whakararuraru i te whakawhiti pūngao (mekameka kawe irahiko/kaha nekehanga proton), me te mahi a ngā pūmua e pā ana ki te membrane (Sikkema et al., 1995). Hei tāpiri, ko ētahi takawaenga wairewa pērā i ngā catechol me ngā quinones ka whakaputa i ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) ka hanga i ngā adducts me te DNA me ngā pūmua (Penning et al., 1999). Nō reira, ko te nui o aua matū i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi ka pēhi i ngā hapori microbial kia noho hei kaiwhakangaro whai hua i ngā taumata tinana rerekē, tae atu ki te tango/kawe, te whakawhiti intracellular, te whakauru/whakamahinga, me te wehewehe.
I roto i te rapunga o te Kaupapa Pūtake Raraunga Ribosomal-II (RDP-II), i kitea he 926 ngā momo huakita i wehea mai i ngā pāpāho, i ngā ahurea whakarei rānei kua poke i te naphthalene, i ōna hua rānei. Ko te rōpū Proteobacteria te hunga i nui rawa ngā māngai (n = 755), ā, i muri mai ko Firmicutes (52), Bacteroidetes (43), Actinobacteria (39), Tenericutes (10), me ngā huakita kāore i whakarōpūtia (8) (Pikitia 2). Ko ngā māngai o te γ-Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadales me Xanthomonadales) te hunga i kaha ki ngā rōpū Gram-negative katoa me te nui o te ihirangi G+C (54%), ko Clostridiales me Bacillales (30%) he rōpū Gram-positive me te iti o te ihirangi G+C. I kīia ka taea e Pseudomonas (te tau teitei rawa, 338 ngā momo) te whakangaro i te naphthalene me ōna methyl derivatives i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi poke (te tā waro, te hinu, te hinu mata, te paru, ngā turuturu hinu, te wai para, ngā para rauropi me ngā whenua ururua) tae atu ki roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi kāore anō kia pakaru (oneone, awa, onepū me te wai whenua) (Pikitia 2). I tua atu, i whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau whakarei ake me te tātari metagenomic o ētahi o ēnei rohe he kaha whakangaro pea ngā momo Legionella me Clostridium kāore i whakatipuria, e tohu ana i te hiahia ki te whakatipu i ēnei huakita hei ako i ngā ara hou me te kanorau o te pākia o te tinana.
Pikitia 2. Te kanorau whakarōpū me te tohatoha rauropi o ngā māngai kitakita i roto i ngā taiao kua poke i te naphthalene me ngā hua o te naphthalene.
I roto i ngā momo moroiti whakakino waro kakara, ko te nuinga ka taea te whakakino i te naphthalene hei pūtake kotahi o te waro me te pūngao. Kua whakaahuahia te raupapa o ngā kaupapa e uru ana ki te pākia o te naphthalene mō Pseudomonas sp. (momo: NCIB 9816-4, G7, AK-5, PMD-1 me CSV86), Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, Pseudomonas fluorescens PC20 me ētahi atu momo (ND6 me AS1) (Mahajan et al., 1994; Resnick et al., 1996; Annweiler et al., 2000; Basu et al., 2003; Dennis and Zylstra, 2004; Sota et al., 2006; Ka tīmatahia te metabolism e te dioxygenase maha-wāhanga [naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO), he mowhiti hydroxylating dioxygenase] e whakakorikori ana i te waikura o tētahi o ngā mowhiti kakara o te naphthalene mā te whakamahi i te hāora ngota hei papa kē atu, ka huri i te naphthalene ki te cis-naphthalenediol (Pikitia 3). Ka hurihia te Cis-dihydrodiol ki 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene mā te dehydrogenase. Ka hurihia e te dioxygenase e tapahi ana i te mowhiti, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase (12DHNDO), te 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ki te waikawa 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic. Ka puta te trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate mā te isomerization enzymatic cis-trans, ka tapahia e te hydratase aldolase ki te salicylic aldehyde me te pyruvate. Ko te pyruvate waikawa waro te matū C3 tuatahi i ahu mai i te anga waro naphthalene, ā, ka tukuna ki te ara waro matua. Hei tāpiri, ka hurihia e te salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase e whakawhirinaki ana ki te NAD+ te salicylaldehyde ki te waikawa salicylic. Ko te metabolism i tēnei wā ka kiia ko te "ara o runga" o te whakahekenga naphthalene. He tino noa tēnei ara i roto i te nuinga o ngā huakita e whakaheke ana i te naphthalene. Heoi, he torutoru ngā tūponotanga; hei tauira, i roto i te Bacillus hamburgii 2 thermophilic, Ka tīmata te pakaru o te naphthalene mā te naphthalene 2,3-dioxygenase hei hanga i te 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (Annweiler et al., 2000).
Pikitia 3. Ngā ara o te naphthalene, te methylnaphthalene, te waikawa naphthoic, me te carbaryl degradation. Ko ngā tau kua porowhitahia e tohu ana i ngā whākōkī e kawenga ana mō te huringa raupapa o te naphthalene me ōna hua ki ngā hua e whai ake nei. 1 — naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO); 2, cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; 3, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase; 4, 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid isomerase; 5, trans-O-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase aldolase; 6, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase; 7, salicylate 1-hydroxylase; 8, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO); 9, 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 10, 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase; 11, 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate aldolase; 12, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; 13, catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (C12DO); 14, muconate cycloisomerase; 15, muconolactone delta-isomerase; 16, β-ketoadipatenollactone hydrolase; 17, β-ketoadipate succinyl-CoA transferase; 18, β-ketoadipate-CoA thiolase; 19, succinyl-CoA: acetyl-CoA succinyltransferase; 20, salicylate 5-hydroxylase; 21 – gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO); 22, maleylpyruvate isomerase; 23, fumarylpyruvate hydrolase; 24, methylnaphthalene hydroxylase (NDO); 25, hydroxymethylnaphthalene dehydrogenase; 26, naphtaldehyde dehydrogenase; 27, 3-formylsalicylic acid oxidase; 28, hydroxyisophthalate decarboxylase; 29, carbaryl hydrolase (CH); 30, 1-naphthol-2-hydroxylase.
I runga i te rauropi me tōna hanganga ira, ka whakapūmautia anō te waikawa salicylic hua mā te ara catechol mā te whakamahi i te salicylate 1-hydroxylase (S1H) mā te ara gentisate rānei mā te whakamahi i te salicylate 5-hydroxylase (S5H) (Pikitia 3). Nā te mea ko te waikawa salicylic te takawaenga matua i roto i te whakapūmau naphthalene (ara o runga), ko ngā hikoinga mai i te waikawa salicylic ki te takawaenga TCA ka kiia ko te ara o raro, ā, kua whakaritea ngā ira ki roto i te operon kotahi. He mea noa te kite ko ngā ira i roto i te operon ara o runga (nah) me te operon ara o raro (sal) e whakahaerehia ana e ngā āhuatanga whakahaere noa; hei tauira, ko te NahR me te waikawa salicylic e mahi ana hei kaiwhakaoho, e āhei ai ngā operon e rua ki te whakapūmau katoa i te naphthalene (Phale et al., 2019, 2020).
Hei tāpiritanga, ka pakaruhia te catechol ki te 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde mā te ara meta e te catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO) (Yen et al., 1988) ā, ka whakawhaiatia anō e te 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase hei hanga i te 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoic acid. Kātahi ka hurihia te 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate ki te pyruvate me te acetaldehyde e te hydratase (2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase) me te aldolase (4-hydroxy-2-oxpentanoate aldolase) kātahi ka uru ki te ara waro matua (Pikitia 3). Tērā atu huarahi, ka pakaruhia te catechol ki te cis,cis-muconate mā te ara ortho e te catechol 1,2-oxygenase (C12DO). Ka hurihia te cis,cis-muconate ki te 3-oxoadipate e te muconate cycloisomerase, te muconolactone isomerase, me te β-ketoadipate-nollactone hydrolase, ka uru atu ki te ara waro matua mā te succinyl-CoA me te acetyl-CoA (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Pikitia 3).
I roto i te ara gentisate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate), ka tapahia te mowhiti kakara e te gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO) hei hanga maleylpyruvate. Ka taea te whakawhaiti tika i tēnei hua ki te pyruvate me te malate, ka taea rānei te whakawhaiti hei hanga fumarylpyruvate, ka taea te whakawhaiti ki te pyruvate me te fumarate (Larkin and Day, 1986). Kua kitea te kōwhiringa o te ara rerekē i roto i ngā huakita Gram-negative me Gram-positive i ngā taumata matū koiora me te ira (Morawski et al., 1997; Whyte et al., 1997). Ko ngā huakita Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) e pai ake ana ki te whakamahi i te waikawa salicylic, he mea whakaoho i te metabolism naphthalene, e wetewete ana i te carboxylation ki te catechol mā te whakamahi i te salicylate 1-hydroxylase (Gibson and Subramanian, 1984). I tētahi atu taha, i roto i ngā huakita Gram-pai (Rhodococcus), ka hurihia e te salicylate 5-hydroxylase te waikawa salicylic ki te waikawa gentisic, engari kāore he pānga whakaawe o te waikawa salicylic ki te tuhi i ngā ira naphthalene (Grund et al., 1992) (Pikitia 3).
Kua pūrongohia ko ngā momo pēnei i a Pseudomonas CSV86, Oceanobacterium NCE312, Marinhomonas naphthotrophicus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322, Vibrio cyclotrophus, Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a, Pseudomonas me ngā momo Mycobacterium ka taea te whakangaro i te monomethylnaphthalene, i te dimethylnaphthalene rānei (Dean-Raymond and Bartha, 1975; Cane and Williams, 1982; Mahajan et al., 1994; Dutta et al., 1998; Hedlund et al., 1999). I roto i ēnei, kua mārama te rangahau i te ara whakangaromanga 1-methylnaphthalene me te 2-methylnaphthalene o Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 i ngā taumata matū koiora me te whākōkī (Mahajan et al., 1994). Ka whakapūmautia te 1-Methylnaphthalene mā roto i ngā ara e rua. Tuatahi, ka whakakōkōhia te mowhiti kakara (te mowhiti kāore i whakakapia o te methylnaphthalene) hei hanga i te cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-methylnaphthalene, ka whakakōkōhia anō ki te methyl salicylate me te methylcatechol, kātahi ka uru ki te ara waro matua i muri i te wehenga o te mowhiti (Pikitia 3). Ka kiia tēnei ara ko te "ara pūtake waro". I te "ara whakakore paitini" tuarua, ka taea te whakakōkōhia te rōpū methyl e te NDO hei hanga i te 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene, ka whakakōkōhia anō ki te waikawa 1-naphthoic ka tukuna ki roto i te reo ahurea hei hua mutunga kore. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau kāore e taea e te momo CSV86 te tipu ki runga i te waikawa 1- me te 2-naphthoic hei pūtake waro me te pūngao anake, e whakaū ana i tana ara whakakore paitini (Mahajan et al., 1994; Basu et al., 2003). I roto i te 2-methylnaphthalene, ka pāngia te rōpū methyl e te hydroxylase hei hanga i te 2-hydroxymethylnaphthalene. Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia te mowhiti kāore i whakakapia o te mowhiti naphthalene e te hydroxylation mowhiti hei hanga i te dihydrodiol, ka whakapūngaohia ki te 4-hydroxymethylcatechol i roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga e whakakorikorihia ana e te whākōkī, ā, ka uru ki te ara waro matua mā te ara tapahi mowhiti-meta. Waihoki, i pūrongohia a S. paucimobilis 2322 e whakamahi ana i te NDO hei whakapūngao i te 2-methylnaphthalene, ka whakapūngaohia anō hei hanga i te methyl salicylate me te methylcatechol (Dutta et al., 1998).
Ko ngā waikawa naphthoic (kua whakakapia/kāore i whakakapia) he hua-taha tango-mate/whakawhitinga koiora i hangaia i te wā e pakaru ana te methylnaphthalene, te phenanthrene me te anthracene, ā, ka tukuna ki roto i te reo ahurea kua pau. Kua pūrongohia ka taea e te Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CSV89 te whakapūmau i te waikawa 1-naphthoic hei pūtake waro (Phale et al., 1995). Ka tīmata te whakapūmau mā te dihydroxylation o te mowhiti kakara hei hanga i te 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene. Ka whakapūmautia te diol hua ki te catechol mā te 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzylidenepyruvate, te waikawa 3-formylsalicylic, te waikawa 2-hydroxyisophthalic me te waikawa salicylic, ā, ka uru ki te ara waro pokapū mā te ara tapahi mowhiti-meta (Pikitia 3).
He patupatu naphthyl carbamate te Carbaryl. Mai i te Huringa Kakariki i Īnia i ngā tau 1970, nā te whakamahinga o ngā maniua matū me ngā patupatu kua piki ake te tukunga o te polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mai i ngā pūtake ahuwhenua kore-ira (Pingali, 2012; Duttagupta et al., 2020). E kiia ana ko te 55% (85,722,000 heketea) o te whenua ahuwhenua katoa i Īnia e rongoatia ana ki ngā patupatu matū. I roto i ngā tau e rima kua pahure ake nei (2015–2020), kua whakamahia e te rāngai ahuwhenua Īnia te toharite o te 55,000 ki te 60,000 tāne o ngā patupatu ia tau (Tari Mahi Tahi me te Oranga o ngā Kaiahuwhenua, Manatū Ahuwhenua, Kāwanatanga o Īnia, Ākuhata 2020). I ngā mania o Gangetic ki te raki me te pokapū (ngā whenua he nui te taupori me te kiato o te taupori), he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu ki ngā hua, ā, ko ngā patupatu te mea nui. Ko te Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) he patu pepeke carbamate whānui te whānuitanga, he paitini āhua-waenga, he tino paitini hoki, e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua Inia i te tere toharite o te 100–110 tāne. E hokona whānuitia ana i raro i te ingoa hokohoko Sevin, ā, e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke (ngā aphids, ngā pōpokorua ahi, ngā puruhi, ngā mite, ngā pūngāwerewere me te maha atu o ngā pepeke o waho) e pā ana ki ngā momo hua (kānga, pīni soya, miro, hua me ngā huawhenua). Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ētahi moroiti pēnei i a Pseudomonas (NCIB 12042, 12043, C4, C5, C6, C7, Pseudomonas putida XWY-1), Rhodococcus (NCIB 12038), Sphingobacterium spp. (CF06), Burkholderia (C3), Micrococcus me Arthrobacter hei whakahaere i ētahi atu pepeke. Kua pūrongohia ka taea e te RC100 te whakangaro i te carbaryl (Larkin and Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu and Chaudhry, 1991; Hayatsu et al., 1999; Swetha and Phale, 2005; Trivedi et al., 2017). Kua rangahaua whānuitia te ara whakangaro o te carbaryl i ngā taumata matū koiora, whākōkī me te ira i roto i ngā momo oneone o ngā momo Pseudomonas sp. C4, C5 me C6 (Swetha and Phale, 2005; Trivedi et al., 2016) (Pikitia 3). Ka tīmata te ara pākia me te waikura o te here ester e te carbaryl hydrolase (CH) hei hanga i te 1-naphthol, methylamine me te hauhā waro. Kātahi ka hurihia te 1-naphthol ki te 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene e te 1-naphthol hydroxylase (1-NH), ka whakapūpūtia anō mā te ara waro matua mā te salicylate me te gentisate. Kua pūrongohia ētahi huakita e whakaiti ana i te carbaryl ka whakapūpūtia hei waikawa salicylic mā te tapahi i te mowhiti catechol ortho (Larkin and Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu and Chaudhry, 1991). He mea nui, ko ngā huakita e whakaiti ana i te naphthalene ka whakapūpū i te waikawa salicylic mā te catechol, engari ko ngā huakita e whakaiti ana i te carbaryl e pai ake ana ki te whakapūpū i te waikawa salicylic mā te ara gentisate.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa naphthalenesulfonic/waikawa disulfonic me ngā hua o te waikawa naphthylaminessulfonic hei takawaenga i roto i te hanga tae azo, ngā kaihoko whakamakuku, ngā kaiwhakamarara, me ētahi atu. Ahakoa he iti te paitini o ēnei matū ki te tangata, kua whakaatuhia e ngā aromatawai paitini pūtau he whakamate rātou ki ngā ika, ki ngā daphnia me ngā rimurimu (Greim et al., 1994). Kua pūrongohia ko ngā māngai o te puninga Pseudomonas (momo A3, C22) ka tīmata i te pākia mā te hydroxylation takirua o te mowhiti kakara kei roto te rōpū waikawa sulfonic hei hanga i te dihydrodiol, ka hurihia anō ki te 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene mā te tapahi ohorere o te rōpū sulfite (Brilon et al., 1981). Ko te 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ka puta ka catabolized mā te ara naphthalene matarohia, arā, te ara catechol, te ara gentisate rānei (Pikitia 4). Kua whakaaturia mai ka taea te whakakore katoa i te waikawa aminonaphthalenesulfonic me te waikawa hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic mā te whakakotahitanga huakita me ngā ara catabolic tautoko (Nortemann et al., 1986). Kua whakaaturia mai ka tangohia e tētahi mema o te rōpū te waikawa aminonaphthalenesulfonic, te waikawa hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic rānei mā te 1,2-dioxygenation, i te mea ka tukuna te aminosalicylate, te hydroxysalicylate rānei ki roto i te reo ahurea hei metabolite mutunga kore, ā, ka tangohia e ētahi atu mema o te rōpū. He āhua polar te waikawa Naphthalenedisulfonic engari he uaua ki te pirau, nō reira ka taea te whakapūmua mā ngā ara rerekē. Ka puta te whakakorenga tuatahi i te wā o te dihydroxylation regioselective o te mowhiti kakara me te rōpū waikawa sulfonic; Ko te tuarua o ngā whakakorenga whanariki ka puta i te wā e whakakōkōhia ai te waikawa 5-sulfosalicylic e te waikawa salicylic 5-hydroxylase hei hanga i te waikawa gentisic, e uru ana ki te ara waro matua (Brilon et al., 1981) (Pikitia 4). Ko ngā whākōkī e kawenga ana mō te whakapōrearea o te naphthalene e kawenga ana hoki mō te pākia o te naphthalene sulfonate (Brilon et al., 1981; Keck et al., 2006).
Pikitia 4. Ngā ara pākia mō te pakaru o te naphthalene sulfonate. Ko ngā tau kei roto i ngā porowhita e tohu ana i ngā whākōkī e kawenga ana mō te pākia o te naphthyl sulfonate, he rite/ōrite ki ngā whākōkī kua whakaahuatia i te Pikitia 3.
He ngāwari te whakaiti i ngā PAH taumaha ngota iti (LMW-PAH), he koretake ki te wai, he uaua hoki te wairewa, nō reira kāore e ngāwari ki te pakaru/whakangaromanga tūturu. Heoi, ka taea e ngā moroiti aerobic te whakakōkī mā te mimiti i te hāora ngota (O2). Ko ēnei whākōkī te nuinga o te wā no te akomanga o ngā oxidoreductases, ā, ka taea e rātou te mahi i ngā tauhohenga maha pērā i te whakakōkī mowhiti kakara (mono- dihydroxylation rānei), te tango hauwai me te tapahi mowhiti kakara. Ko ngā hua i puta mai i ēnei tauhohenga kei roto i te āhua whakakōkī teitei ake, ā, he ngāwari ake te whakakōkī mā te ara waro matua (Phale et al., 2020). Kua pūrongohia he mea ka taea te whakakōkī i ngā whākōkī i roto i te ara whakakōkī. He tino iti, he iti noa iho rānei te mahi a ēnei whākōkī ina whakatipuria ngā pūtau ki runga i ngā pūtake waro māmā pērā i te hukahuka, i ngā waikawa waro rānei. E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 3 i ngā momo whākōkī (ngā hāora, ngā hydrolases, ngā dehydrogenases, ngā oxidases, me ētahi atu) e whai wāhi ana ki te whakakōkī o te naphthalene me ōna hua.
Ripanga 3. Ngā āhuatanga matū koiora o ngā whākōkī e whai kawenga ana mō te pakaru o te naphthalene me ōna hua.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau irahiko (18O2) ko te whakaurunga o te ngota ngota O2 ki roto i ngā mowhiti kakara e ngā oxygenases te taahiraa tino nui ki te whakahohe i te pirau koiora o tētahi pūhui (Hayaishi et al., 1955; Mason et al., 1955). Ko te whakaurunga o tētahi ngota hāora (O) mai i te hāora ngota (O2) ki roto i te papa ka tīmatahia e ngā monooxygenases taketake, taketake rānei (e kiia ana ko ngā hydroxylases). Ka whakaitihia tētahi atu ngota hāora ki te wai. Ka whakaitihia e ngā monooxygenases taketake te flavin me te NADH, te NADPH rānei, engari i roto i ngā endomonooxygenases ka whakaitihia te flavin e te papa. Ko te tūranga o te hydroxylation ka hua ake he kanorau i roto i te hanganga hua. Hei tauira, ka whakakorikorihia e te salicylate 1-hydroxylase te waikawa salicylic i te tūranga C1, ka hanga he catechol. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakakōkōhia te waikawa salicylic i te tūranga C5 e te salicylate 5-hydroxylase maha-wāhanga (kei roto ko te reductase, ferredoxin, me ngā waeine oxygenase) hei hanga waikawa gentisic (Yamamoto et al., 1965).
Ka whakauruhia e ngā dioxygenases ngā ngota O2 e rua ki roto i te papa. I runga i ngā hua ka puta, ka wehea ēnei ki ngā dioxygenases mowhiti hydroxylating me ngā dioxygenases mowhiti cleaving. Ka hurihia e ngā dioxygenases mowhiti hydroxylating ngā papa kakara ki ngā cis-dihydrodiols (hei tauira, te naphthalene) ā, he whānuitia i waenga i ngā huakita. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kua whakaaturia ko ngā rauropi kei roto ngā dioxygenases mowhiti hydroxylating ka taea te tipu i runga i ngā pūtake waro kakara, ā, ka whakarōpūtia ēnei whākōkī ki te NDO (naphthalene), toluene dioxygenase (TDO, toluene), me te biphenyl dioxygenase (BPDO, biphenyl). Ka taea e te NDO me te BPDO te whakakorikori i te whakakōkī rua me te whakakōkī mekameka taha o ngā momo warowaihā kakara polycyclic (toluene, nitrotoluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, indole, methylnaphthalene, naphthalenesulfonate, phenanthrene, anthracene, acetophenone, me ētahi atu) (Boyd and Sheldrake, 1998; Phale et al., 2020). He pūnaha maha-wāhanga te NDO kei roto ko te oxidoreductase, te ferredoxin, me te wāhanga oxygenase kei roto i te pae hohe (Gibson and Subramanian, 1984; Resnick et al., 1996). Ko te wāhanga whakakorikori o te NDO he wāhanga α nui me te wāhanga β iti kua whakaritea ki te whirihoranga α3β3. Nō tētahi whānau nui o ngā oxygenases te NDO, ā, kei roto i tōna waeine α he pae Rieske [2Fe-2S] me te rino mononuclear kore-heme, e whakatau ana i te motuhaketanga o te substrate o te NDO (Parales et al., 1998). I te nuinga o te wā, i roto i te huringa catalytic kotahi, e rua ngā irahiko mai i te whakaiti i te pyridine nucleotide ka whakawhitia ki te katote Fe(II) i roto i te pae hohe mā te reductase, te ferredoxin me te pae Rieske. Ka whakahohehia e ngā taurite whakaiti te hāora ngota, he mea e hiahiatia ana mō te dihydroxylation substrate (Ferraro et al., 2005). Tae noa ki tēnei wā, he torutoru noa ngā NDO kua purea, kua whakaahuatia hoki i roto i ngā taipitopito mai i ngā momo momo rerekē, ā, kua akohia te mana ira o ngā ara e uru ana ki te whakahekenga naphthalene (Resnick et al., 1996; Parales et al., 1998; Karlsson et al., 2003). Ka mahi ngā dioxygenases e tapahi ana i te mowhiti (ngā whākōkī e tapahi ana i te mowhiti-, i te mowhiti-oro rānei, me ngā whākōkī e tapahi ana i te mowhiti-meta rānei) ki ngā matū kakara hydroxylated. Hei tauira, ko te dioxygenase e tapahi ana i te mowhiti-oro rānei ko te catechol-1,2-dioxygenase, ko te dioxygenase e tapahi ana i te mowhiti-meta ia ko te catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (Kojima et al., 1961; Nozaki et al., 1968). Haunga ngā momo oxygenases, kei reira anō hoki ngā momo dehydrogenases e kawenga ana mō te tango i te hauwai o ngā dihydrodiols kakara, ngā waipiro me ngā aldehydes me te whakamahi i te NAD+/NADP+ hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko, ko ētahi o ngā whākōkī nui e uru ana ki te pākia o te tinana (Gibson me Subramanian, 1984; Shaw me Harayama, 1990; Fahle et al., 2020).
Ko ngā whākōkī pēnei i ngā hydrolases (esterases, amidase) tētahi atu momo whākōkī nui e whakamahi ana i te wai hei tapahi i ngā hononga covalent me te whakaatu i te whānui o te motuhaketanga o te substrate. E kiia ana ko ngā Carbaryl hydrolase me ētahi atu hydrolases he wāhanga o te periplasm (transmembrane) i roto i ngā mema o ngā huakita Gram-negative (Kamini et al., 2018). He hononga amide me te hononga ester tō te Carbaryl; nō reira, ka taea te hydrolyze e te esterase, e te amidase rānei hei hanga 1-naphthol. Kua pūrongohia te mahi a te Carbaryl i roto i te momo Rhizobium rhizobium AC10023 me te momo Arthrobacter RC100 hei esterase me te amidase. Ka mahi anō hoki te Carbaryl i roto i te momo Arthrobacter RC100 hei amidase. Kua whakaaturia te mahi a te RC100 ki te hydrolyze i ngā patu pepeke e whā o te momo N-methylcarbamate pēnei i te carbaryl, methomyl, mefenamic acid me te XMC (Hayaatsu et al., 2001). I pūrongohia ka taea e te CH i roto i te Pseudomonas sp. C5pp te mahi ki te carbaryl (100% te ngohe) me te 1-naphthyl acetate (36% te ngohe), engari kāore ki te 1-naphthylacetamide, e tohu ana he esterase ia (Trivedi et al., 2016).
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau koiora, ngā tauira whakahaere whākōkī, me te tātari ira ko ngā ira whakararuraru naphthalene he rua ngā wae whakahaere ka taea te whakaoho, arā, ngā "operon": nah (te "ara whakarunga", e huri ana i te naphthalene ki te waikawa salicylic) me te sal (te "ara whakararo", e huri ana i te waikawa salicylic ki te ara waro matua mā te catechol). Ka taea e te waikawa salicylic me ōna momo rite te mahi hei kaiwhakaoho (Shamsuzzaman me Barnsley, 1974). I te aroaro o te hukahuka, o ngā waikawa waro rānei, ka pehia te operon. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5 i te whakaritenga ira katoa o te whakararuraru naphthalene (i roto i te āhua operon). He maha ngā momo/āhua kua whakaingoatia o te ira nah (ndo/pah/dox) kua whakaahuatia, ā, kua kitea he rite te raupapatanga (90%) i roto i ngā momo Pseudomonas katoa (Abbasian et al., 2016). Ko ngā ira o te ara whakarunga naphthalene i whakaritea i roto i te raupapa whakaae e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5A. I pūrongohia anō hoki tētahi atu ira, ko te nahQ, he wāhi kei roto i te pākia o te naphthalene, ā, i te nuinga o te wā kei waenganui i te nahC me te nahE, engari kāore anō kia mārama tōna mahi tuturu. Waihoki, ko te ira nahY, te kawenga mō te chemotaxis tairongo ki te naphthalene, i kitea i te pito tawhiti o te nah operon i roto i ētahi mema. I roto i te Ralstonia sp., i kitea ko te ira U2 e whakamārama ana i te glutathione S-transferase (gsh) kei waenganui i te nahAa me te nahAb engari kāore i pā ki ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga o te naphthalene (Zylstra et al., 1997).
Pikitia 5. Te whakaritenga ira me te kanorau i kitea i te wā o te whakahekenga naphthalene i waenga i ngā momo huakita; (A) Te ara naphthalene o runga, te pākia o te naphthalene ki te waikawa salicylic; (B) Te ara naphthalene o raro, te waikawa salicylic mā te catechol ki te ara waro matua; (C) te waikawa salicylic mā te gentisate ki te ara waro matua.
Ko te "ara o raro" (sal operon) he mea hanga i te nahGTHINLMOKJ, ā, ka hurihia te salicylate ki te pyruvate me te acetaldehyde mā te ara tapahi catechol. I kitea te ira nahG (te whakakōrero i te salicylate hydroxylase) kei te pito tata o te operon (Pikitia 5B). Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu momo naphthalene-degrading, i roto i te P. putida CSV86 he takirua ngā operon nah me te sal, ā, he whanaunga tata (tata ki te 7.5 kb). I roto i ētahi huakita Gram-negative, pērā i te Ralstonia sp. U2, Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2, me te P. putida AK5, ka metabolized te naphthalene hei metabolite waro matua mā te ara gentisate (i te āhua o te operon sgp/nag). Ko te rīpene ira e whakaatuhia ana i te āhua nagAaGHAbAcAdBFCQEDJI, kei te pito o runga te nagR (e whakamārama ana i tētahi kaiwhakahaere momo LysR) (Pikitia 5C).
Ka uru te Carbaryl ki te huringa waro matua mā te pākia o te 1-naphthol, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, te waikawa salicylic, me te waikawa gentisic (Pikitia 3). I runga i ngā rangahau ira me te pākia, kua whakaarohia kia wehea tēnei ara ki te "whakarunga" (te hurihanga o te carbaryl ki te waikawa salicylic), te "waenganui" (te hurihanga o te waikawa salicylic ki te waikawa gentisic), me te "whakararo" (te hurihanga o te waikawa gentisic ki ngā takawaenga ara waro matua) (Singh et al., 2013). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga ira o C5pp (supercontig A, 76.3 kb) kei te whai wāhi te ira mcbACBDEF ki te hurihanga o te carbaryl ki te waikawa salicylic, ā, muri iho ko te mcbIJKL ki te hurihanga o te waikawa salicylic ki te waikawa gentisic, me te mcbOQP ki te hurihanga o te waikawa gentisic ki ngā takawaenga waro matua (fumarate me te pyruvate, Trivedi et al., 2016) (Pikitia 6).
Kua pūrongohia ko ngā whākōkī e uru ana ki te whakahoro i ngā hauwaiwaro kakara (tae atu ki te naphthalene me te waikawa salicylic) ka taea te whakaoho e ngā pūhui e rite ana, ā, ka āraihia e ngā pūtake waro māmā pēnei i te glucose, i ngā waikawa waro rānei (Shingler, 2003; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). I roto i ngā ara pākia o te naphthalene me ōna hua, kua rangahauhia ngā āhuatanga whakahaere o te naphthalene me te carbaryl ki tētahi whānuitanga. Mō te naphthalene, ko ngā ira i roto i ngā ara whakarunga me ngā ara whakararo ka whakahaerehia e NahR, he kaiwhakahaere pai mahi-whakawhiti momo LysR. E hiahiatia ana mō te whakaoho o te ira nah e te waikawa salicylic me tōna whakaaturanga taumata-tiketike i muri mai (Yen and Gunsalus, 1982). I tua atu, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he mea nui hoki te tauwehe manaaki whakauru (IHF) me te XylR (kaiwhakahaere whakawhiti-whakawhirinaki sigma 54) mō te whakahohenga whakawhiti o ngā ira i roto i te pākia o te naphthalene (Ramos et al., 1997). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko ngā whākōkī o te ara whakatuwheratanga catechol meta-ring, arā, ko te catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, ka whakaohokia i te aroaro o te naphthalene me/ranei te waikawa salicylic (Basu et al., 2006). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko ngā whākōkī o te ara whakatuwheratanga catechol ortho-ring, arā, ko te catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, ka whakaohokia i te aroaro o te waikawa benzoic me te cis,cis-muconate (Parsek et al., 1994; Tover et al., 2001).
I roto i te momo C5pp, e rima ngā ira, mcbG, mcbH, mcbN, mcbR me mcbS, e whakakōwae ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere nō te whānau LysR/TetR o ngā kaiwhakahaere whakawhiti e kawenga ana mō te whakahaere i te pakarutanga o te carbaryl. I kitea ko te ira ōrite mcbG te mea tino tata ki te kaiwhakahaere momo LysR PhnS (58% te tuakiri waikawa amino) e whai wāhi ana ki te pākia o te phenanthrene i roto i te Burkholderia RP00725 (Trivedi et al., 2016). I kitea ko te ira mcbH e whai wāhi ana ki te ara takawaenga (te hurihanga o te waikawa salicylic ki te waikawa gentisic) ā, nō te kaiwhakahaere whakawhiti momo LysR NagR/DntR/NahR i roto i te Pseudomonas me te Burkholderia. I kīia ko ngā mema o tēnei whānau e mōhio ana ki te waikawa salicylic hei ngota whaihua motuhake mō te whakaoho i ngā ira pakaru. I tētahi atu taha, e toru ngā ira, arā, ko te mcbN, ko te mcbR me te mcbS, nō ngā momo kaiwhakahaere whakawhiti kupu LysR me TetR, i kitea i te ara o raro (ngā matū waro matua o te gentisate).
I roto i ngā prokaryote, ko ngā tukanga whakawhiti ira whakapae (te whiwhi, te whakawhiti, te whakawhiti rānei) mā roto i ngā plasmid, ngā transposons, ngā prophages, ngā moutere genomic, me ngā huānga honohono whakauru (ICE) ngā tino take o te kirihou i roto i ngā ira huakita, e hua ake ai, e ngaro ai rānei ngā mahi/āhuatanga motuhake. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā huakita te urutau tere ki ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē, e whakarato ana i ngā painga pākia urutau pea ki te kaihautū, pērā i te whakahekenga o ngā pūhui kakara. He maha ngā wā ka tutukihia ngā huringa pākia mā te whakatikatika pai i ngā operons whakahekenga, ā rātou tikanga whakahaere, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te whākōkī, e āwhina ana i te whakahekenga o te whānuitanga o ngā pūhui kakara (Nojiri et al., 2004; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Kua kitea ko ngā kāpene ira mō te whakahekenga naphthalene kei runga i ngā momo huānga nekeneke pērā i ngā plasmids (honohono me te kore-honohono), ngā transposons, ngā ira, ngā ICE, me ngā huinga o ngā momo huakita rerekē (Pikitia 5). I roto i te Pseudomonas G7, ko ngā operon nah me sal o te plasmid NAH7 kua tuhia ki te aronga kotahi, ā, he wāhanga o te transposon hapa e hiahia ana ki te transposase Tn4653 hei whakaoho (Sota et al., 2006). I roto i te momo Pseudomonas NCIB9816-4, i kitea te ira i runga i te plasmid honohono pDTG1 hei operon e rua (tata ki te 15 kb te wehe) i tuhia ki ngā ahunga rerekē (Dennis and Zylstra, 2004). I roto i te momo Pseudomonas putida AK5, ko te plasmid kore-honohono pAK5 e tohu ana i te whākōkī e kawenga ana mō te whakapōrearea o te naphthalene mā te ara gentisate (Izmalkova et al., 2013). I roto i te momo PMD-1 o Pseudomonas, kei runga i te ira te operon nah, engari kei runga i te plasmid honohono pMWD-1 te operon sal (Zuniga et al., 1981). Heoi, i roto i te Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, kei runga i te ira te katoa o ngā ira whakararuraru naphthalene (ngā operon nah me sal) ā, e whakaarohia ana ka kohia mā roto i ngā mahi whakawhiti, whakakotahitanga, me te whakarite anō (Bosch et al., 2000). I roto i te Pseudomonas sp. CSV86, kei roto i te ira ngā operon nah me sal i te āhua o te ICE (ICECSV86). Ka tiakina te hanganga e te tRNAGly, ā, ka whai ake ko ngā tukurua tika e tohu ana i ngā pae honohono/piri (attR me te attL) me te integrase rite ki te phage kei ngā pito e rua o te tRNAGly, nō reira he rite te hanganga ki te huānga ICEclc (ICEclcB13 i roto i te Pseudomonas knackmusii mō te whakakino chlorocatechol). Kua pūrongohia ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā ira i runga i te ICE mā te honohono me te auau whakawhiti tino iti (10-8), nō reira ka whakawhiti i ngā āhuatanga whakakino ki te kaiwhiwhi (Basu me Phale, 2008; Phale et al., 2019).
Ko te nuinga o ngā ira e kawenga ana mō te whakapōrearea o te carbaryl kei runga i ngā plasmid. Kei roto i te Arthrobacter sp. RC100 e toru ngā plasmid (pRC1, pRC2 me te pRC300) ā, e rua ngā plasmid honohono, ko te pRC1 me te pRC2, e whakamārama ana i ngā whākōkī e huri ana i te carbaryl ki te gentisate. I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā whākōkī e whai wāhi ana ki te hurihanga o te gentisate ki ngā metabolites waro matua kei runga i te chromosome (Hayaatsu et al., 1999). Ko ngā huakita o te puninga Rhizobium. Ko te momo AC100, e whakamahia ana mō te hurihanga o te carbaryl ki te 1-naphthol, kei roto ko te plasmid pAC200, e mau ana i te ira cehA e whakamārama ana i te CH hei wāhanga o te transposon Tnceh e karapotia ana e ngā raupapatanga rite ki te huānga whakauru (istA me te istB) (Hashimoto et al., 2002). I roto i te momo Sphingomonas CF06, e whakaponohia ana kei roto i ngā plasmid e rima te ira whakaheke carbaryl: pCF01, pCF02, pCF03, pCF04, me te pCF05. He teitei te ōritetanga DNA o ēnei plasmid, e tohu ana i te noho o tētahi huihuinga tāruarua ira (Feng et al., 1997). I roto i tētahi symbiont whakaheke carbaryl i titoa mai i ngā momo Pseudomonas e rua, kei roto i te momo 50581 tētahi plasmid honohono pCD1 (50 kb) e whakamārama ana i te ira mcd carbaryl hydrolase, engari ko te plasmid honohono i roto i te momo 50552 e whakamārama ana i tētahi whākōkī whakaheke 1-naphthol (Chapalamadugu and Chaudhry, 1991). I roto i te momo Achromobacter WM111, kei runga i tētahi plasmid 100 kb (pPDL11) te ira mcd furadan hydrolase. Kua whakaaturia tēnei ira kei runga i ngā plasmid rerekē (100, 105, 115, 124 kb rānei) i roto i ngā huakita rerekē mai i ngā rohe matawhenua rerekē (Parekh et al., 1995). I roto i te Pseudomonas sp. C5pp, ko ngā ira katoa e kawenga ana mō te whakahekenga carbaryl kei roto i tētahi ira e horapa ana i te 76.3 kb o te raupapa (Trivedi et al., 2016). I whakaatuhia e te tātari ira (6.15 Mb) te aroaro o te 42 MGE me te 36 GEI, 17 o ēnei MGE kei roto i te supercontig A (76.3 kb) me te ihirangi G+C kore taurite toharite (54–60 mol%), e kī ana he pea ngā kaupapa whakawhiti ira whakapae (Trivedi et al., 2016). He rite tonu te whakaritenga o ngā ira whakaheke-carbaryl a P. putida XWY-1, engari kei runga i tētahi plasmid ēnei ira (Zhu et al., 2019).
Haunga te whai huatanga o te pākia o te tinana i ngā taumata matū koiora me te ira, ka whakaatuhia anō hoki e ngā moroiti ētahi atu āhuatanga, ngā urupare rānei pērā i te chemotaxis, ngā āhuatanga whakarerekētanga mata pūtau, te wehewehenga, te whakamahinga pai, te whakaputa biosurfactant, me ētahi atu, e āwhina ana i a rātou ki te whakapai ake i te pākia o ngā poke kakara i roto i ngā taiao poke (Pikitia 7).
Pikitia 7. Ngā rautaki urupare pūtau rerekē o ngā huakita tino pai mō te pirau koiora o ngā matū poke ke.
E kiia ana ko ngā urupare chemotactic he āhuatanga e whakarei ake ana i te pirau o ngā poke rauropi i roto i ngā rauropi poke-kore. I whakaatuhia e (2002) ko te chemotaxis o Pseudomonas sp. G7 ki te naphthalene i whakapiki ake i te tere o te pirau naphthalene i roto i ngā pūnaha wai. Ko te momo mohoao G7 i whakaiti i te naphthalene i tere ake i te momo mutant chemotaxis-deficient. I kitea ko te pūmua NahY (538 waikawa amino me te āhua membrane) i honoa tahitia me ngā ira ara metacleavage i runga i te plasmid NAH7, ā, pērā i ngā transducers chemotaxis, te āhua nei he chemoreceptor tēnei pūmua mō te pirau naphthalene (Grimm and Harwood 1997). I whakaatuhia e tētahi atu rangahau nā Hansel et al. (2009) he chemotactic te pūmua, engari he teitei tōna tere pirau. (2011) i whakaatu i te urupare chemotactic a Pseudomonas (P. putida) ki te naphthalene hau, i reira ka hua ake te rere pumau o te naphthalene ki ngā pūtau nā te horapa o te hau, ā, nā tēnā i whakahaere te urupare chemotactic o ngā pūtau. I whakamahia e ngā kairangahau tēnei whanonga chemotactic hei hanga i ngā moroiti hei whakarei ake i te tere o te pirau. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka whakahaeretia hoki e ngā ara chemosensory ētahi atu mahi pūtau pēnei i te wehenga pūtau, te whakahaere huringa pūtau, me te hanganga biofilm, ā, nā reira ka āwhina i te whakahaere i te tere o te pirau. Heoi, ko te whakamahi i tēnei āhuatanga (chemotaxis) mō te pirau whai hua ka āraihia e ētahi arai. Ko ngā arai nui ko: (a) ka mōhio ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi paralogous rerekē ki ngā pūhui/ligands ōrite; (b) te noho o ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi rerekē, arā, te tropism pūngao; (c) ngā rerekētanga raupapatanga nui i roto i ngā rohe sensor o te whānau receptor kotahi; me (d) te kore mōhiohio mō ngā pūmua sensor kitakita matua (Ortega et al., 2017; Martin-Mora et al., 2018). I ētahi wā, ka puta he maha ngā matū/takawaenga i te pirau koiora o ngā hauwaiwaro kakara, ka taea te whakamahi matū ki tētahi rōpū huakita engari ka whakarihariha ki ētahi atu, ka uaua ake te tukanga. Hei tautuhi i ngā taunekeneke o ngā ligands (ngā hauwaiwaro kakara) me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi matū, i hangaia e mātou he pūmua pūoko ranu (PcaY, McfR, me NahY) mā te whakakotahi i ngā rohe pūoko me te tohu o Pseudomonas putida me Escherichia coli, e aro ana ki ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi mō ngā waikawa kakara, ngā takawaenga TCA, me te naphthalene (Luu et al., 2019).
I raro i te mana o te naphthalene me ētahi atu polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ka pāngia te hanganga o te membrane huakita me te āhua o ngā moroiti. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka whakararu te naphthalene i te taunekeneke o te mekameka acyl mā roto i ngā taunekeneke hydrophobic, ā, ka whakanui ake i te pupuhi me te rere o te membrane (Sikkema et al., 1995). Hei ārai i tēnei pānga kino, ka whakahaere ngā huakita i te rere o te membrane mā te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga me te hanganga waikawa ngako i waenga i ngā waikawa ngako mekameka peka iso/anteiso me te isomerizing i ngā waikawa ngako cis-unsaturated ki roto i ngā trans-isomers e rite ana (Heipieper and de Bont, 1994). I roto i te Pseudomonas stutzeri i whakatipuria i runga i te maimoatanga naphthalene, ka piki ake te ōwehenga waikawa ngako kua kukū ki te unsaturated mai i te 1.1 ki te 2.1, engari i roto i te Pseudomonas JS150 i piki ake tēnei ōwehenga mai i te 7.5 ki te 12.0 (Mrozik et al., 2004). I te whakatipuria ki runga i te naphthalene, i whakaatuhia e ngā pūtau Achromobacter KAs 3–5 te kohikohinga pūtau huri noa i ngā tioata naphthalene me te hekenga o te utu mata pūtau (mai i te -22.5 ki te -2.5 mV) me te whakakotahitanga cytoplasmic me te vacuolization, e tohu ana i ngā huringa o te hanganga pūtau me ngā āhuatanga mata pūtau (Mohapatra et al., 2019). Ahakoa he hononga tika ngā huringa pūtau/mata ki te tango pai ake i ngā poke kakara, kāore anō kia tino arotauhia ngā rautaki hangarau koiora e tika ana. Kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te whakahaere i te āhua o te pūtau hei arotau i ngā tukanga koiora (Volke me Nikel, 2018). Ko te mukunga o ngā ira e pā ana ki te wehenga pūtau ka puta he huringa ki te āhua o te pūtau. Ko te mukunga o ngā ira e pā ana ki te wehenga pūtau ka puta he huringa ki te āhua o te pūtau. I roto i te Bacillus subtilis, kua whakaatuhia te pūmua septum pūtau SepF e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga septum, ā, e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi o muri mai o te wehenga pūtau, engari ehara i te ira nui. Nā te mukunga o ngā ira e whakamārama ana i ngā peptide glycan hydrolases i roto i te Bacillus subtilis i hua ake ai te roa o te pūtau, te tere tipu motuhake kua piki ake, me te kaha whakaputa whākōkī kua whakapai ake (Cui et al., 2018).
Kua whakaarohia te wehewehenga o te ara whakahekenga carbaryl hei whakatutuki i te whakahekenga whai hua o ngā momo Pseudomonas C5pp me C7 (Kamini et al., 2018). E whakaarohia ana ka haria te carbaryl ki te wāhi periplasmic mā te septum membrane o waho me/ranei mā roto i ngā porins horapa. Ko te CH he whākōkī periplasmic e whakaoho ana i te hydrolysis o te carbaryl ki te 1-naphthol, he pumau ake, he hydrophobic ake, he paitini ake. Kei roto te CH i te periplasm, ā, he iti te hononga ki te carbaryl, nō reira ka whakahaere i te hanganga o te 1-naphthol, nō reira ka ārai i tōna kohikohinga i roto i ngā pūtau me te whakaiti i tōna paitini ki ngā pūtau (Kamini et al., 2018). Ko te 1-naphthol hua ka haria ki roto i te cytoplasm puta noa i te membrane o roto mā te wehewehe me/ranei te horapa, kātahi ka hydroxylated ki te 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene e te whākōkī hononga-teitei 1NH mō te metabolism anō i roto i te ara waro matua.
Ahakoa kei ngā moroiti te kaha ira me te kaha pākia ki te whakaiti i ngā pūtake waro xenobiotic, ko te hanganga whakarōpū o tā rātou whakamahinga (arā, te whakamahinga pai ake o ngā pūtake waro māmā i ngā pūtake waro uaua) he arai nui ki te pirau koiora. Ko te noho me te whakamahinga o ngā pūtake waro māmā ka whakaheke i ngā ira e whakamārama ana i ngā whākōkī e whakaiti ana i ngā pūtake waro uaua/kāore i te pai pērā i ngā PAH. Ko tētahi tauira kua rangahauhia pai ko te wā e whāngaihia ana te hukahuka me te lactose ki te Escherichia coli, ka whakamahia te hukahuka i te lactose (Jacob and Monod, 1965). Kua pūrongohia ka whakaitihia e Pseudomonas te maha o ngā PAH me ngā matū xenobiotic hei pūtake waro. Ko te whakarōpū o te whakamahinga pūtake waro i roto i te Pseudomonas ko ngā waikawa waro > te hukahuka > ngā matū kakara (Hylemon and Phibbs, 1972; Collier et al., 1996). Heoi, he rerekētanga. He mea whakamīharo, ko Pseudomonas sp. He hanganga hierarki ahurei tā CSV86 e whakamahi pai ana i ngā warowaihā kakara (waikawa benzoic, naphthalene, me ētahi atu) kaua ki te hukahuka, ā, ka mahi tahi i ngā warowaihā kakara me ngā waikawa waro (Basu et al., 2006). I roto i tēnei huakita, kāore ngā ira mō te whakapōrearea me te kawe i ngā warowaihā kakara e whakaitihia ana ahakoa kei te aroaro o tētahi pūtake waro tuarua pērā i te hukahuka, ngā waikawa waro rānei. I te wā i whakatipuria ai i roto i te reo hukahuka me ngā warowaihā kakara, i kitea kua whakaitihia ngā ira mō te kawe me te pākia o te hukahuka, i whakamahia ngā warowaihā kakara i te wāhanga takiuru tuatahi, ā, i whakamahia te hukahuka i te wāhanga takiuru tuarua (Basu et al., 2006; Choudhary et al., 2017). I tētahi atu taha, kāore te aroaro o ngā waikawa waro i pā ki te whakaaturanga o te pākia o te warowaihā kakara, nō reira e whakaarohia ana ko tēnei huakita he momo kaitono mō ngā rangahau whakapōrearea koiora (Phale et al., 2020).
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ka taea e te whakawhiti koiora o te hauwai te whakararu i te ahotea waikura me te pikinga ake o ngā whākōkī ārai-mate i roto i ngā moroiti. Ko te koretake o te pirau naphthalene i roto i ngā pūtau tū me te aroaro o ngā matū paitini ka arahi ki te hanganga o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) (Kang et al. 2006). Nā te mea kei roto i ngā whākōkī whakangaro-naphthalene ngā tautau rino-whanariki, i raro i te ahotea waikura, ka waikura te rino i roto i ngā pūmua heme me te rino-whanariki, ka arahi ki te whakakorenga o te pūmua. Ko te Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (Fpr), me te superoxide dismutase (SOD), ka takawaenga i te tauhohenga redox whakahurihuri i waenga i te NADP+/NADPH me ngā ngota e rua o te ferredoxin, te flavodoxin rānei, mā reira ka tangohia te ROS me te whakaora i te pokapū rino-whanariki i raro i te ahotea waikura (Li et al. 2006). Kua pūrongohia ka taea te whakaoho i te Fpr me te SodA (SOD) i roto i te Pseudomonas e te ahotea waikura, ā, i kitea te pikinga o ngā mahi SOD me te catalase i roto i ngā momo Pseudomonas e whā (O1, W1, As1, me te G1) i te wā e tipu ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga tāpiri naphthalene (Kang et al., 2006). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te tāpiri o ngā antioxidants pēnei i te waikawa ascorbic, te rino ferrous rānei (Fe2+) ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere tipu o te naphthalene. I te tipu o Rhodococcus erythropolis i roto i te reo naphthalene, i piki ake te tuhi o ngā ira cytochrome P450 e pā ana ki te ahotea waikura tae atu ki te sodA (Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase), sodC (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase), me te recA (Sazykin et al., 2019). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga proteomic tauanga whakatairite o ngā pūtau Pseudomonas i whakatipuria ki roto i te naphthalene ko te pikinga ake o ngā momo pūmua e pā ana ki te urupare ahotea waikura he rautaki aro atu ki te ahotea (Herbst et al., 2013).
Kua pūrongohia ka whakaputahia e ngā moroiti ngā matū koiora i raro i te mahi a ngā pūtake waro hydrophobic. Ko ēnei matū koiora he matū hohe mata amphiphilic ka taea te hanga i ngā kohikohinga i ngā hononga hinu-wai, hau-wai rānei. Ka whakatairangahia e tēnei te pseudo-solubilization me te whakahaere i te adsorption o ngā warowaihā kakara, ka hua ake he biodegradation whai hua (Rahman et al., 2002). Nā ēnei āhuatanga, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā matū koiora i roto i ngā ahumahi maha. Mā te tāpiri i ngā matū koiora matū, ngā matū koiora rānei ki ngā ahurea kitakita ka taea te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga me te tere o te pirau warowaihā. I roto i ngā matū koiora, kua rangahauhia whānuitia, kua tautuhia hoki ngā rhamnolipids i hangaia e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Hisatsuka et al., 1971; Rahman et al., 2002). Hei tāpiritanga, ko ētahi atu momo biosurfactants ko ngā lipopeptides (ngā mucin mai i Pseudomonas fluorescens), te emulsifier 378 (mai i Pseudomonas fluorescens) (Rosenberg and Ron, 1999), ngā trehalose disaccharide lipids mai i Rhodococcus (Ramdahl, 1985), te lichenin mai i Bacillus (Saraswathy and Hallberg, 2002), me te surfactant mai i Bacillus subtilis (Siegmund and Wagner, 1991) me Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Zhi et al., 2017). Kua whakaatuhia e ēnei surfactants kaha te whakaiti i te taumahatanga mata mai i te 72 dynes/cm ki raro iho i te 30 dynes/cm, e āhei ai te mimiti pai ake o te hauwai. Kua pūrongohia ka taea e Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia me ētahi atu momo huakita te whakaputa i ngā momo biosurfactants rhamnolipid me te glycolipid ina whakatipuria ki roto i ngā pāpāho naphthalene me te methylnaphthalene (Kanga et al., 1997; Puntus et al., 2005). Ka taea e Pseudomonas maltophilia CSV89 te whakaputa i te biosurfactant Biosur-Pm i waho o te pūtau ina whakatipuria ki runga i ngā matū kakara pēnei i te waikawa naphthoic (Phale et al., 1995). I whakaatuhia e te kinetics o te hanganga Biosur-Pm ko tana hanganga he tukanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tipu me te pH. I kitea ko te nui o te Biosur-Pm i hangaia e ngā pūtau i te pH kūpapa he teitei ake i tērā i te pH 8.5. Ko ngā pūtau i tipuhia i te pH 8.5 he nui ake te hydrophobic, ā, he nui ake te hiahia ki ngā matū kakara me te aliphatic i ngā pūtau i tipuhia i te pH 7.0. I roto i te Rhodococcus spp. Ko te N6, te ōwehenga waro ki te hauota teitei ake (C:N) me te herenga rino, ko ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō te whakaputanga o ngā biosurfactants waho o te pūtau (Mutalik et al., 2008). Kua nganahia ngā mahi hei whakapai ake i te biosynthesis o ngā biosurfactants (surfactins) mā te arotau i ngā momo me te whakapūtanga. Heoi, he iti te titer o te surfactant i roto i te reo ahurea (1.0 g/L), he wero tēnei mō te whakaputanga tauine nui (Jiao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019). Nō reira, kua whakamahia ngā tikanga hangarau ira hei whakapai ake i tōna biosynthesis. Heoi, he uaua te whakarerekētanga hangarau nā te rahi nui o te operon (∼25 kb) me te whakahaeretanga biosynthesis uaua o te pūnaha quorum sensor (Jiao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019). He maha ngā whakarerekētanga hangarau ira kua mahia i roto i ngā huakita Bacillus, ko te whāinga matua he whakanui ake i te hanga surfactin mā te whakakapi i te kaiwhakatairanga (srfA operon), te whakanui ake i te pūmua kaweake surfactin YerP me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere ComX me PhrC (Jiao et al., 2017). Heoi, kotahi, torutoru noa iho rānei ngā whakarerekētanga ira kua tutuki i ēnei tikanga hangarau ira, ā, kāore anō kia eke ki te whakaputanga arumoni. Nō reira, me rangahau anō i ngā tikanga arotau e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga.
Ko ngā rangahau pirau PAH e whakahaerehia ana i raro i ngā tikanga taiwhanga paerewa. Heoi, i ngā wāhi poke, i ngā taiao poke rānei, he maha ngā āhuatanga kore-ora me te koiora (te pāmahana, te pH, te hāora, te wātea o ngā matūkai, te wātea o te koiora o te papa, ētahi atu xenobiotics, te aukati i te hua mutunga, me ētahi atu) kua whakaatuhia hei whakarerekē me te awe i te kaha pirau o ngā moroiti.
He pānga nui tō te pāmahana ki te pirau koiora o te PAH. I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana, ka heke te kukū o te hāora rewa, ka pā ki te pākia o ngā moroiti aerobic, nā te mea e hiahia ana rātou ki te hāora ngota hei tētahi o ngā matū mō ngā oxygenases e whakahaere ana i ngā tauhohenga hydroxylation, i ngā tauhohenga mowhiti rānei. E kitea pinepinetia ana ko te pāmahana teitei ka huri i ngā PAH matua hei matū paitini ake, ā, ka ārai i te pirau koiora (Muller et al., 1998).
Kua kitea he nui ngā pH o ngā wāhi kua poke i te PAH, pērā i ngā wāhi kua poke i te waikeri waikawa o te maina (pH 1–4) me ngā wāhi whakapūngao hau/waro kua poke i te waikeri kawakore (pH 8–12). Ka pā kino ēnei āhuatanga ki te tukanga pirau koiora. Nō reira, i mua i te whakamahinga o ngā moroiti mō te whakaora koiora, me whakatikatika te pH mā te tāpiri i ngā matū e tika ana (me te kaha whakaiti-waikura reo-rahi ki te tino iti) pērā i te haukini pākawa waro, te haukini pākawa waro rānei mō ngā oneone kawakore, te whakakōkī rānei ki te konupūmā kāponāte, te konupūmā kāponāte rānei mō ngā wāhi waikawa (Bowlen et al. 1995; Gupta and Sar 2020).
Ko te tuku hāora ki te rohe e pāngia ana te mea e whakawhāiti ana i te tere o te pirau PAH. Nā ngā āhuatanga redox o te taiao, ko ngā tukanga whakaora koiora in situ me whakauru te hāora mai i ngā pūtake o waho (te parau, te pupuhi hau, me te tāpiri matū) (Pardieck et al., 1992). I whakaatu a Odenkranz et al. (1996) mā te tāpiri i te konupora peroxide (he matū tuku hāora) ki tētahi puna wai poke ka taea te whakaora pai i ngā matū BTEX. I rangahauhia e tētahi atu rangahau te whakangaromanga in situ o te phenol me te BTEX i roto i tētahi puna wai poke mā te werohanga i te konutai nitrate me te hanga puna tango hei whakatutuki i te whakaora koiora whai hua (Bewley and Webb, 2001).