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Ka taea e te nekehanga o ngā okana me ngā kiko te arahi i ngā hapa i roto i te tūnga o ngā hihi-X i te wā o te radiotherapy. Nō reira, me whai rauemi he rite ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi-X ki te kiko hei whakatauira i te nekehanga o ngā okana hei whakapai ake i te radiotherapy. Heoi, he wero tonu te whanaketanga o aua rauemi. He rite ngā āhuatanga o ngā hydrogel alginate ki ērā o te matrix extracellular, e pai ai te noho hei rauemi rite ki te kiko. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i hangaia ngā pahuka hydrogel alginate me ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi-X e hiahiatia ana mā te tukunga Ca2+ in situ. I āta whakahaeretia te ōwehenga hau-ki-te-rōrahi kia whiwhi ai i ngā pahuka hydrogel me ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi-X kua tautuhia. I whakaahuahia te macro- me te micromorphology o ngā rauemi, ā, i akohia te whanonga o ngā pahuka hydrogel i raro i te pēhanga. I aromatawaihia ngā āhuatanga hihi-X mā te ariā me te manatoko whakamātautau mā te whakamahi i te tomography rorohiko. E whakamārama ana tēnei rangahau i te whanaketanga ā-muri o ngā rauemi rite-kiko ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakapai ake i te horopeta hihi me te whakahaere kounga i te wā o te radiotherapy.
He maimoatanga noa te rongoā irahiko mō te mate pukupuku1. He maha ngā wā ka puta he hapa i te tūnga o ngā hihi-X i te wā o te rongoā irahiko2 nā te nekehanga o ngā okana me ngā kiko, ā, ka hua ake tēnei i te korenga o te maimoatanga o te pukupuku me te nui rawa o te pānga o te irahiko kore e tika mō ngā pūtau hauora e karapoti ana. He mea nui te kaha ki te matapae i te nekehanga o ngā okana me ngā kiko hei whakaiti i ngā hapa tauwāhi pukupuku. I arotahi tēnei rangahau ki ngā pukahukahu, nā te mea ka pāngia rātou e ngā whakarerekētanga me ngā nekehanga nui ina manawa ngā tūroro i te wā o te rongoā irahiko. He maha ngā tauira huānga mutunga kore kua whakawhanakehia, kua whakamahia hoki hei whakatauira i te nekehanga o ngā pukahukahu tangata3,4,5. Heoi, he uaua ngā āhuahanga o ngā okana me ngā kiko tangata, ā, he tino whakawhirinaki ki te tūroro. Nō reira, he tino whai hua ngā rauemi he rite ngā āhuatanga ki te kiko mō te whakawhanake i ngā tauira ā-tinana hei whakamana i ngā tauira ariā, hei whakahaere i te maimoatanga hauora pai ake, me ngā kaupapa mātauranga hauora.
Kua aro nui te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi e whakaata ana i ngā kiko ngohengohe hei whakatutuki i ngā āhua hanganga matatini o waho me roto, nā te mea ka taea e ō rātou taupatupatu miihini te arahi ki ngā rahunga i roto i ngā tono whainga6,7. Ko te whakatauira i ngā mahi koiora matatini o te kiko pūkahukahu, e whakakotahi ana i te ngawari rawa, te ngāwari, me te porosity hanganga, he wero nui ki te whakawhanake i ngā tauira e whakaputa tika ana i te pūkahukahu tangata. He mea nui te whakaurunga me te taurite o ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi-X mō te mahi whai hua o ngā tauira pūkahukahu i roto i ngā wawaotanga whakaora. Kua whakamātauhia te whai huatanga o te hanga tāpiri ki te whakawhanake i ngā tauira motuhake ki te tūroro, e āhei ai te hanga tauira tere o ngā hoahoa uaua. I whakawhanakehia e Shin et al. 8 tētahi tauira pūkahukahu ka taea te whakaputa anō, ka taea te whakarerekē me ngā ara manawa kua tāia-3D. I whakawhanakehia e Haselaar et al. 9 tētahi mariko tino rite ki ngā tūroro tūturu mō te aromatawai kounga ahua me ngā tikanga manatoko tūranga mō te radiotherapy. I whakawhanakehia e Hong et al10 tētahi tauira CT uma mā te whakamahi i te tā 3D me te hangarau maka silicone hei whakaputa anō i te kaha CT o ngā whara pūkahukahu rerekē hei aromatawai i te tika o te ine. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia ēnei tauira tauira ki ngā rauemi he rerekē rawa ō rātou āhuatanga whai hua i ērā o te kiko o te pukahukahu11.
I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā mea hanga o te pūkahukahu he mea hanga ki te silicone, ki te polyurethane rānei, kāore e rite ki ngā āhuatanga hangarau me te hihi-X o te parenchyma pūkahukahu tūturu.12,13 He hototahi ki te koiora ngā alginate hydrogels, ā, kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te hangarau kiko nā ō rātou āhuatanga hangarau ka taea te whakarerekē.14 Heoi, ko te hanga anō i te āhua tino ngohengohe, rite ki te pahuka e hiahiatia ana mō te mea hanga pūkahukahu e whai ana i te ngāwari me te hanganga whakakī o te kiko pūkahukahu he wero whakamātautau tonu.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakaarohia ko te kiko o te pūkahukahu he rauemi pīataata ōrite. Ko te kiato o te kiko pūkahukahu tangata (\(\:\rho\:\)) e kīia ana ko te 1.06 g/cm3, ā, ko te kiato o te pūkahukahu pupuhi ko te 0.26 g/cm315. He whānuitanga o ngā uara modulus a Young (MY) o te kiko pūkahukahu kua riro mai mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamātautau rerekē. I ine a Lai-Fook et al. 16 i te YM o te pūkahukahu tangata me te pupuhi ōrite ki te 0.42–6.72 kPa. I whakamahia e Goss et al. 17 te elastography aukume, ā, i kōrerohia he YM o te 2.17 kPa. I kōrero a Liu et al. 18 i te YM i ine tika o te 0.03–57.2 kPa. I whakatau a Ilegbusi et al. 19 i te YM ki te 0.1–2.7 kPa i runga i ngā raraunga 4D CT i riro mai i ngā tūroro kua tohua.
Mō ngā āhuatanga irahiko o te pūkahukahu, he maha ngā tawhā e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i te whanonga taunekeneke o te kiko pūkahukahu me ngā hihi-X, tae atu ki te hanganga huānga, te kiato irahiko (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), te tau ngota whai hua (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), te pūngao whakaoho toharite (\(\:I\)), te tauwehenga whakaiti papatipu (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) me te waeine Hounsfield (HU), e pā tika ana ki \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Ko te kiato irahiko \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) e tautuhia ana ko te maha o ngā irahiko mō ia rōrahi, ā, ka tatauhia penei:
ko \(\:\rho\:\) te mātotoru o te rauemi i roto i te g/cm3, ko \(\:{N}_{A}\) te pūmau Avogadro, ko \(\:{w}_{i}\) te hautanga papatipu, ko \(\:{Z}_{i}\) te tau ngota, ā, ko \(\:{A}_{i}\) te taumaha ngota o te huānga tua-i.
E pā tika ana te tau ngota ki te āhua o te taunekeneke irahiko i roto i te rauemi. Mō ngā matū me ngā ranunga kei roto he maha ngā huānga (hei tauira, ngā papanga), me tatau te tau ngota whai hua \(\:{Z}_{eff}\). Nā Murthy et al. 20 i whakatakoto te tātai:
Ko te pūngao whakaoho toharite \(\:I\) e whakaahua ana i te ngāwari o te mimiti a te rauemi ūnga i te pūngao nekeneke o ngā matūriki e uru ana. E whakaahua ana i ngā āhuatanga anake o te rauemi ūnga, ā, kāore he pānga ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā matūriki. Ka taea te tatau \(\:I\) mā te whakamahi i te ture tāpiritanga a Bragg:
Ko te tauwehenga whakaiti papatipu \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) e whakaahua ana i te urunga me te tukunga pūngao o ngā photon ki roto i te rauemi ūnga. Ka taea te tatau mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
Ko \(\:x\) te matotoru o te rauemi, ko \(\:{I}_{0}\) te kaha o te māramatanga e pā mai ana, ā, ko \(\:I\) te kaha o te photon i muri i te urunga ki roto i te rauemi. Ka taea te tiki raraunga \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) tika mai i te Pūtake Raraunga Tohutoro Paerewa NIST 12621. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā uara \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) mō ngā ranunga me ngā matū mā te whakamahi i te ture tāpiri penei:
Ko te HU he waeine ine kore-ahu paerewa mō te ine i te kiato irirangi i roto i te whakamaoritanga o ngā raraunga tomografi rorohiko (CT), e hurihia ana i te taha rārangi mai i te tauwehenga whakaiti i inehia \(\:\mu\:\). Ko tōna whakamāramatanga ko:
ko \(\:{\mu\:}_{wai}\) te tauwehenga whakaiti o te wai, ā, ko \(\:{\mu\:}_{hau}\) te tauwehenga whakaiti o te hau. Nō reira, mai i te tātai (6) ka kite tātou ko te uara HU o te wai he 0, ā, ko te uara HU o te hau he -1000. Ko te uara HU mō ngā pukahukahu tangata kei waenga i te -600 ki te -70022.
He maha ngā rauemi ōrite kiko kua whakawhanakehia. I whakawhanakehia e Griffith et al. 23 tētahi tauira ōrite kiko o te tinana tangata i hangaia ki te polyurethane (PU) i tāpirihia ai ngā kukū rerekē o te konupūmā kāponāte (CaCO3) hei whakatauira i ngā tauwehenga whakaitiiti raina o ngā whekau tangata tae atu ki te pukahukahu tangata, ā, i tapaina te tauira ko Griffith. I whakaatu a Taylor24 i tētahi tauira ōrite kiko pukahukahu tuarua i whakawhanakehia e Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), i tapaina ko LLLL1. I whakawhanakehia e Traub et al.25 tētahi whakakapinga kiko pukahukahu hou mā te whakamahi i te Foamex XRS-272 kei roto ko te 5.25% CaCO3 hei whakarei ake i te mahi, i tapaina ko ALT2. E whakaatu ana ngā Ripanga 1 me te 2 i tētahi whakataurite o \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) me ngā tauwehenga whakaitiiti papatipu mō te pukahukahu tangata (ICRU-44) me ngā tauira ōrite kiko i runga ake nei.
Ahakoa ngā āhuatanga irahiko tino pai kua tutuki, tata katoa ngā rauemi mariko he mea hanga ki te pahuka polystyrene, ko te tikanga kāore e taea e ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ēnei rauemi te whakatata atu ki ērā o ngā pukahukahu tangata. Ko te Young's modulus (YM) o te pahuka polyurethane he tata ki te 500 kPa, he tino rerekē tēnei i te mea pai ki te whakataurite ki ngā pukahukahu tangata noa (tata ki te 5-10 kPa). Nō reira, me whakawhanake he rauemi hou ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te irahiko o ngā pukahukahu tangata tūturu.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā hauwaiora i roto i te hangarau kiko. He rite tōna hanganga me ōna āhuatanga ki te matrix extracellular (ECM) ā, he ngāwari te whakarerekē. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whiriwhiria te konutai alginate parakore hei rauemi koiora mō te whakarite pahuka. He hototahi ki te koiora ngā hauwaiora alginate, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te hangarau kiko nā ō rātou āhuatanga miihini ka taea te whakarerekē. Ko te hanganga huānga o te konutai alginate (C6H7NaO6)n me te aroaro o te Ca2+ ka taea te whakarerekē i ōna āhuatanga irahiko ina hiahiatia. Mā tēnei huinga o ngā āhuatanga miihini me te irahiko ka taea te whakarerekē ka pai ngā hauwaiora alginate mō tā mātou rangahau. He pono, he iti anō ngā herenga o ngā hauwaiora alginate, inā koa mō te pumau mō te wā roa i roto i ngā huringa manawa whakaata. Nō reira, me whakapai ake, ā, e tumanakohia ana i roto i ngā rangahau a meake nei hei whakatika i ēnei herenga.
I roto i tēnei mahi, i whakawhanakehia e mātou he rauemi pahuka hydrogel alginate me ngā uara rho ka taea te whakahaere, te ngāwari, me ngā āhuatanga irahiko e rite ana ki ērā o te kiko pūkahukahu tangata. Ma tēnei rangahau e whakarato he otinga whānui mō te hanga i ngā mariko rite ki te kiko me ngā āhuatanga ngāwari me te irahiko ka taea te whakarerekē. Ka taea te whakarite ngāwari i ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi ki tetahi kiko me tetahi okana tangata.
I tatauhia te ōwehenga hau ki te rōrahi whāinga o te pahuka hydrogel i runga i te whānuitanga HU o ngā pukahukahu tangata (-600 ki te -700). I whakaarohia ko te pahuka he ranunga ngāwari o te hau me te hydrogel alginate hangai. Mā te whakamahi i te ture tāpiri ngāwari o ngā huānga takitahi \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), ka taea te tatau i te wāhanga rōrahi o te hau me te ōwehenga rōrahi o te hydrogel alginate hangai.
I whakaritea ngā pahuka hauwai alginate mā te whakamahi i te konutai alginate (Wāhanga Nama W201502), CaCO3 (Wāhanga Nama 795445, MW: 100.09), me te GDL (Wāhanga Nama G4750, MW: 178.14) i hokona mai i Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO. I hokona mai te 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) mai i Renowned Trading LLC. I whakamahia te wai whakakore iona i roto i te tukanga whakarite pahuka. I whakarewaina te konutai alginate ki roto i te wai whakakore iona i te pāmahana rūma me te whakaoho tonu (600 rpm) kia whiwhi ra ano i te otinga kōwhai mārama. I whakamahia te CaCO3 me te GDL hei pūtake Ca2+ hei tīmata i te whakarewatanga. I whakamahia te SLES 70 hei surfactant hei hanga i tētahi hanganga porous i roto i te hydrogel. I puritia te kukū alginate ki te 5%, ā, i puritia te ōwehenga molar Ca2+:-COOH ki te 0.18. I puritia hoki te ōwehenga molar CaCO3:GDL ki te 0.5 i te wā e whakarite ana i te pahuka kia mau tonu te pH kūpapa. Ko te uara he 26. I tāpirihia he 2% mā te rōrahi o te SLES 70 ki ngā tauira katoa. I whakamahia he ipukara me te taupoki hei whakahaere i te ōwehenga whakaranu o te otinga me te hau. Ko te rōrahi katoa o te ipukara he 140 ml. I runga i ngā hua tātaitanga ariā, i tāpirihia ngā rōrahi rerekē o te ranunga (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) ki te ipukara hei whakaranu ki te hau. Ko te tauira kei roto ko te 50 ml o te ranunga i hangaia kia whakaranua ki te hau e ranea ana, i te wā i whakahaeretia ai te ōwehenga rōrahi hau i roto i ngā tauira e rua. Tuatahi, i tāpirihia te SLES 70 ki te otinga alginate, ā, i whakaohokia ki te whakaoho hiko kia tino konatunatua. Kātahi ka tāpirihia te whakatārewatanga CaCO3 ki te ranunga, ā, i whakaohokia tonutia kia tino konatunatua te ranunga, ka huri tōna tae ki te mā. Hei whakamutunga, i tāpirihia te otinga GDL ki te ranunga hei tīmata i te whakakīkī, ā, i puritia te whakaoho ā-ringa puta noa i te tukanga. Mō te tauira kei roto ko te 50 ml o te ranunga, i mutu te whakaoho ā-ringa i te wā i mutu ai te hurihanga o te rōrahi o te ranunga. Mō ngā tauira kei roto ko te 100 ml me te 110 ml o te ranunga, i mutu te whakaoho ā-ringa i te wā i whakakīia ai te ipurau e te ranunga. I ngana anō mātou ki te whakarite i ngā pahuka hydrogel me te rōrahi i waenga i te 50 ml me te 100 ml. Heoi, i kitea te kore pumau o te hanganga o te pahuka, i te mea e rerekē ana i waenga i te āhua o te ranunga hau katoa me te āhua o te whakahaere rōrahi hau, ka hua ake he whakahaere rōrahi koretake. Nā tēnei kore pumau i whakauru mai te koretake ki roto i ngā tataunga, nō reira kāore i whakaurua tēnei awhe rōrahi ki roto i tēnei rangahau.
Ka tatauhia te mātotoru \(\:\rho\:\) o te pahuka hydrogel mā te ine i te papatipu \(\:m\) me te rōrahi \(\:V\) o te tauira pahuka hydrogel.
I tangohia ngā whakaahua whatu moroiti o ngā pahuka hydrogel mā te whakamahi i te kāmera Zeiss Axio Observer A1. I whakamahia te pūmanawa ImageJ hei tatau i te maha me te rahi o ngā pore i roto i tētahi tauira i tētahi wāhi i runga i ngā whakaahua i riro mai. E kiia ana he porowhita te āhua o te pore.
Hei ako i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā pahuka hauwai alginate, i whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau kōpeketanga uniaxial mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini raupapa TESTRESOURCES 100. I tapahia ngā tauira kia rite ki ngā poraka tapawhā, ā, i inehia ngā rahi o te poraka hei tatau i ngā ahotea me ngā taumahatanga. I whakatakotoria te tere whakawhiti ki te 10 mm/min. E toru ngā tauira i whakamatautauria mō ia tauira, ā, i tatauhia te toharite me te paerewa rerekētanga mai i ngā hua. I arotahi tēnei rangahau ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha kōpeketanga o ngā pahuka hauwai alginate, nā te mea ka pāngia te kiko o te pukahukahu e ngā kaha kōpeketanga i tētahi wāhanga o te huringa manawa. He mea nui te toronga, inā koa hei whakaata i te whanonga hihiri katoa o te kiko pukahukahu, ā, ka rangahauhia tēnei i roto i ngā rangahau a muri ake nei.
I matawaihia ngā tauira pahuka hydrogel kua whakaritea ki runga i te matawai CT rua-hongere a Siemens SOMATOM Drive. I whakatakotoria ngā tawhā matawai penei: 40 mAs, 120 kVp me te matotoru poro 1 mm. I tātarihia ngā kōnae DICOM i puta mai mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa MicroDicom DICOM Viewer hei tātari i ngā uara HU o ngā wāhanga whakawhiti e 5 o ia tauira. I whakaritea ngā uara HU i whiwhihia mā te CT ki ngā tātaitanga ariā i runga i ngā raraunga mātotoru o ngā tauira.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he huri i te hanganga o ngā tauira okana takitahi me ngā kiko koiora horihori mā te hanga rauemi ngohengohe. He mea nui te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi me ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi e rite ana ki ngā mahi a ngā pūkahukahu tangata mō ngā tono kua tohua pēnei i te whakapai ake i te whakangungu hauora, te whakamahere pokanga, me te whakamahere rongoā hihi. I roto i te Pikitia 1A, i tuhia e mātou te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi o ngā rauemi ngohengohe e whakaarohia ana hei hanga tauira pūkahukahu tangata. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kua whakawhanakehia ngā rauemi e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga hihi e hiahiatia ana, engari kāore ō rātou āhuatanga miihini e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga e hiahiatia ana. Ko te pahuka polyurethane me te rapa ngā rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te hanga tauira pūkahukahu tangata ka taea te whakarerekē. Ko ngā āhuatanga miihini o te pahuka polyurethane (Young's modulus, YM) he 10 ki te 100 ngā wā nui ake i ērā o te kiko pūkahukahu tangata noa. Kāore anō kia mōhiotia ngā rauemi e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi e hiahiatia ana.
(A) Te whakaaturanga kauwhata o ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi ngohengohe me te whakataurite ki te pukahukahu tangata e pā ana ki te kiato, te modulus a Young me ngā āhuatanga irahiko (i roto i te HU). (B) Te tauira diffraction hihi-X o te \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) alginate hydrogel me te kukū o te 5% me te ōwehenga molar Ca2+:-COOH o te 0.18. (C) Te whānuitanga o ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau i roto i ngā pahuka hydrogel. (D) Te whakaaturanga kauwhata o ngā pahuka hydrogel alginate me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē.
I tatauhia te hanganga huānga o ngā hauwaiwai alginate me te kukū o te 5% me te ōwehenga molar Ca2+:-COOH o te 0.18, ā, e whakaaturia ana ngā hua i roto i te Ripanga 3. E ai ki te ture tāpiri i roto i te tātai o mua (5), ka whiwhihia te tauwehenga whakaiti papatipu o te hauwaiwai alginate \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Pikitia 1B.
I tangohia tika mai ngā uara \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) mō te hau me te wai mai i te pātengi raraunga tohutoro paerewa NIST 12612. Nō reira, e whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1C i ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau kua tatauhia i roto i ngā pahuka hydrogel me ngā uara ōrite HU i waenga i te -600 me te -700 mō te pukahukahu tangata. Ko te ōwehenga rōrahi hau kua tatauhia e te ariā he pumau i roto i te 60–70% i roto i te awhe pūngao mai i te 1 × 10−3 ki te 2 × 101 MeV, e tohu ana i te pūmanawa pai mō te tono o te pahuka hydrogel i roto i ngā tukanga hangahanga o raro.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1D i te tauira pahuka hydrogel alginate kua whakaritea. I tapahia ngā tauira katoa kia poraka me te roa o te taha o te 12.7 mm. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he pahuka hydrogel ōrite, pumau-toru-ahu i hangaia. Ahakoa te ōwehenga o te rōrahi hau, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui o te āhua o ngā pahuka hydrogel. Ko te āhua pumau o te pahuka hydrogel e kī ana he kaha te whatunga i hangaia i roto i te hydrogel ki te tautoko i te taumaha o te pahuka tonu. Haunga te iti o te turuturu wai mai i te pahuka, i whakaatuhia hoki e te pahuka te pumau mō ētahi wiki.
Mā te ine i te papatipu me te rōrahi o te tauira pahuka, i tatauhia te mātotoru o te pahuka hydrogel kua whakaritea \(\:\rho\:\), ā, e whakaaturia ana ngā hua i roto i te Ripanga 4. E whakaatu ana ngā hua i te whakawhirinakitanga o \(\:\rho\:\) ki te ōwehenga rōrahi o te hau. Ina konatunatua he nui te hau ki te 50 ml o te tauira, ka iti rawa te mātotoru, ā, ko te 0.482 g/cm3. I te hekenga o te nui o te hau kua whakaranua, ka piki te mātotoru ki te 0.685 g/cm3. Ko te uara p mōrahi i waenga i ngā rōpū 50 ml, 100 ml me te 110 ml ko 0.004 < 0.05, e tohu ana i te hiranga tatauranga o ngā hua.
Ka tatauhia hoki te uara ariā \(\:\rho\:\) mā te whakamahi i te ōwehenga rōrahi hau whakahaeretia. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ine he 0.1 g/cm³ te iti iho o \(\:\rho\:\) i te uara ariā. Ka taea te whakamārama i tēnei rerekētanga mā te ahotea ā-roto i puta i roto i te hydrogel i te wā o te tukanga whakakī, ka puta te pupuhi, ā, ka heke te \(\:\rho\:\). I whakaūhia anō tēnei e te kitenga o ētahi āputa i roto i te pahuka hydrogel i roto i ngā whakaahua CT e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2 (A, B me C).
Ngā whakaahua karuārai whatu o ngā pahuka hydrogel me ngā ihirangi rōrahi hau rerekē (A) 50, (B) 100, me te (C) 110. Te maha o ngā pūtau me te tohatoha rahi o ngā pore i roto i ngā tauira pahuka hydrogel alginate (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 3 (A, B, C) i ngā whakaahua karuārai whatu o ngā tauira pahuka hydrogel me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē. E whakaatu ana ngā hua i te hanganga whatu o te pahuka hydrogel, e whakaatu mārama ana i ngā whakaahua o ngā pūwero me ngā diameter rerekē. I tatauhia te tohatoha o te maha o ngā pūwero me te diameter mā te whakamahi i te ImageJ. E ono ngā whakaahua i tangohia mō ia tauira, ko te rahi o ia whakaahua he 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, ā, ko te horahanga katoa i tātarihia mō ia tauira he 5.7 mm².
(A) Te whanonga ahotea-taumahatanga pēhi o ngā pahuka hauwai alginate me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē. (B) Te taunga taupū. (C) Te pēhanga E0 o ngā pahuka hauwai me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē. (D) Te ahotea pēhi mutunga me te taumahatanga o ngā pahuka hauwai alginate me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 3 (D, E, F) he ōrite te tohatoha o te rahi o ngā pūwero, mai i ngā tekau maikiromita ki te 500 maikiromita pea. He ōrite te rahi o ngā pūwero, ā, ka iti haere i te hekenga o te rōrahi hau. E ai ki ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ko te rahi toharite o ngā pūwero o te tauira 50 ml ko 192.16 μm, ko te tau waenga ko 184.51 μm, ā, ko te maha o ngā pūwero mō ia horahanga kotahi ko 103; ko te rahi toharite o ngā pūwero o te tauira 100 ml ko 156.62 μm, ko te tau waenga ko 151.07 μm, ā, ko te maha o ngā pūwero mō ia horahanga kotahi ko 109; ko ngā uara e rite ana o te tauira 110 ml ko 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm me te 115. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga he nui ake te awe o ngā pūwero nui ki ngā hua tatauranga o te rahi toharite o ngā pūwero, ā, ka taea e te rahi waenga o ngā pūwero te whakaata pai ake i te ia o te huringa o te rahi o ngā pūwero. I te pikinga o te rōrahi o te tauira mai i te 50 ml ki te 110 ml, ka piki ake anō hoki te maha o ngā pūwero. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā hua tatauranga o te whānui waenga o ngā pūwero me te maha o ngā pūwero, ka taea te whakatau ko te pikinga o te rōrahi, ka nui ake ngā pūwero iti ake ka hangaia i roto i te tauira.
Kei roto i ngā Pikitia 4A me 4D ngā raraunga whakamātautau ā-ringa. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4A i te whanonga ahotea-taumahatanga pēhi o ngā pahuka hydrogel kua whakaritea me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē. E whakaatu ana ngā hua he rite tonu te whanonga ahotea-taumahatanga kore-raina o ngā tauira katoa. Mō ia tauira, ka tere ake te piki o te ahotea me te piki haere o te taumahatanga. I whakauruhia he kōpiko taupū ki te whanonga ahotea-taumahatanga pēhi o te pahuka hydrogel. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4B i ngā hua i muri i te whakamahi i te mahi taupū hei tauira whakatata ki te pahuka hydrogel.
Mō ngā pahuka hauwaiora me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē, i rangahauhia hoki ō rātou modulus pēhi (E0). Pērā i te tātaritanga o ngā hauwaiora, i rangahauhia te modulus pēhi a Young i roto i te awhe o te 20% taumahatanga tīmatanga. Kei te Pikitia 4C ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau pēhi. E whakaatu ana ngā hua i te Pikitia 4C i te mea ka heke te ōwehenga rōrahi hau mai i te tauira 50 ki te tauira 110, ka piki ake te modulus pēhi a Young E0 o te pahuka hauwaiora alginate mai i te 10.86 kPa ki te 18 kPa.
Waihoki, i whiwhihia ngā ānau ahotea-taumahatanga katoa o ngā pahuka hydrogel, me ngā uara ahotea pēhitanga mutunga me te taumahatanga. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4D i te ahotea pēhitanga mutunga me te taumahatanga o ngā pahuka hydrogel alginate. Ko ia pūwāhi raraunga te toharite o ngā hua whakamātautau e toru. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ka piki te ahotea pēhitanga mutunga mai i te 9.84 kPa ki te 17.58 kPa me te hekenga o te ihirangi hau. Ka noho pumau tonu te taumahatanga mutunga ki te 38%.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 (A, B, me C) i ngā whakaahua CT o ngā pahuka hydrogel me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē e rite ana ki ngā tauira 50, 100, me te 110. E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua he tata ōrite te pahuka hydrogel i hangaia. He iti noa ngā āputa i kitea i roto i ngā tauira 100 me te 110. Ko te hanganga o ēnei āputa pea nā te ahotea ā-roto i puta i roto i te hydrogel i te wā o te tukanga whakakī. I tatauhia e mātou ngā uara HU mō ngā wāhanga whakawhiti e 5 o ia tauira, ā, i whakarārangihia ki te Ripanga 5 me ngā hua tātaitanga ariā e rite ana.
E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 5 i ngā tauira me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē i whiwhi i ngā uara HU rerekē. Ko te uara p mōrahi i waenga i ngā rōpū 50 ml, 100 ml me te 110 ml he 0.004 < 0.05, e tohu ana i te hiranga tatauranga o ngā hua. I roto i ngā tauira e toru i whakamatautauria, ko te tauira me te ranunga 50 ml he tata rawa ngā āhuatanga hihi ki ērā o ngā pukahukahu tangata. Ko te pou whakamutunga o te Ripanga 5 ko te hua i whiwhihia mā te tatau ariā i runga i te uara pahuka i inehia \(\:\rho\:\). Mā te whakataurite i ngā raraunga i inehia ki ngā hua ariā, ka kitea ko ngā uara HU i whiwhihia mā te matawai CT he tata tonu ki ngā hua ariā, e whakaū ana i ngā hua tatau ōwehenga rōrahi hau i te Pikitia 1C.
Ko te whāinga matua o tēnei rangahau he waihanga i tētahi rauemi he rite ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te ā-irahiko ki ērā o ngā pukahukahu tangata. I tutuki tēnei whāinga mā te whakawhanake i tētahi rauemi e ahu mai ana i te hydrogel me ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te ā-irahiko kua whakaritea kia rite ki te kiko, ā, he tata rawa ki ērā o ngā pukahukahu tangata. I runga i ngā tātaitanga ariā, i whakaritea ngā pahuka hydrogel me ngā ōwehenga rōrahi hau rerekē mā te whakaranu ā-pūkaha i te otinga konutai alginate, CaCO3, GDL me te SLES 70. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga āhuahanga he pahuka hydrogel pumau toru-ahu ōrite. Mā te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga rōrahi hau, ka taea te whakarerekē i te mātotoru me te porosity o te pahuka i te hiahia. Mā te pikinga ake o te ihirangi rōrahi hau, ka paku heke te rahi o ngā pore, ā, ka piki ake te maha o ngā pore. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau kōpeketanga hei tātari i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā pahuka hydrogel alginate. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te modulus kōpeketanga (E0) i whiwhi mai i ngā whakamātautau kōpeketanga kei roto i te awhe pai mō ngā pukahukahu tangata. Ka piki ake te E0 i te hekenga o te ōwehenga rōrahi hau. I whiwhihia ngā uara o ngā āhuatanga hihi-ira (HU) o ngā tauira i whakaritea i runga i ngā raraunga CT o ngā tauira, ā, i whakaritea ki ngā hua o ngā tātaitanga ariā. He pai ngā hua. He tata hoki te uara ine ki te uara HU o ngā pukahukahu tangata. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ka taea te hanga i ngā pahuka hydrogel e whai kiko ana me te huinga tino pai o ngā āhuatanga miihini me te hihi-ira e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā pukahukahu tangata.
Ahakoa ngā hua pai, me whakapai ake ngā tikanga hanga o nāianei kia pai ake ai te whakahaere i te ōwehenga rōrahi hau me te porosity kia rite ki ngā matapae mai i ngā tātaitanga ariā me ngā pukahukahu tangata tūturu i ngā tauine ā-ao me ā-rohe. E whakawhāitihia ana hoki te rangahau o nāianei ki te whakamātautau i ngā tikanga pēhi, e whakawhāiti ana i te tono pea o te mariko ki te wāhanga pēhi o te huringa manawa. Ka whai hua ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei mai i te tirotiro i ngā whakamātautau kume me te pumau ā-pūkaha whānui o te rauemi hei aromatawai i ngā tono pea i raro i ngā āhuatanga uta hihiri. Ahakoa ēnei herenga, ko te rangahau te tuatahi o ngā ngana angitu ki te whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga radiological me te ā-pūkaha i roto i te rauemi kotahi e whai ana i te pukahukahu tangata.
Kei te wātea mai i te kaituhi e pā ana ngā huinga raraunga i hangaia, i tātarihia rānei i te wā o te rangahau o nāianei, mēnā he tono tika. Ka taea te tārua i ngā whakamātautau me ngā huinga raraunga.
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