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He poke kai te melamine e mōhiotia ana, e kitea ana pea i roto i ētahi momo kai, i te tūpono me te āta whakaarohia. Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he manatoko i te kitenga me te ine i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. E 40 ngā tauira kai arumoni e wātea ana, tae atu ki te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka, mai i ngā rohe rerekē o Īrāna i tātarihia. I whakatauhia te nui o te melamine o ngā tauira mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha chromatography wai-ultraviolet mahi-teitei (HPLC-UV). I hangaia he kōpiko whakataurite (R2 = 0.9925) hei kimi i te melamine i te awhe o te 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Ko ngā rohe o te ine me te kimi ko te 1 μg mL−1 me te 3 μg mL−1, ia. I whakamātauria te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka, ā, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te paura miraka ko te 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 me te 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, ia. E hangai ana ēnei uara ki ngā ture o te EU me te Codex Alimentarius. He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te kai i ēnei hua miraka he iti te melamine kāore e whakararu nui i te hauora o te kaihoko. E tautokona ana hoki tēnei e ngā hua o te aromatawai mōrearea.
He matū waro te Melamine, ko tōna tauira ngota C3H6N6, i ahu mai i te cyanamide. He tino iti te wairewatanga i roto i te wai, ā, tata ki te 66% te hauota. He matū ahumahi whānuitia te Melamine, he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga tika i roto i te hanga kirihou, maniua, me ngā taputapu tukatuka kai (tae atu ki te takai kai me ngā taputapu kīhini)1,2. Ka whakamahia hoki te Melamine hei kaikawe rongoā mō te rongoā i ngā mate. Ko te nui o te hauota i roto i te melamine ka arahi ki te whakamahinga hē o te matū me te tuku i ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngota pūmua ki ngā kai kai3,4. Nō reira, mā te tāpiri i te melamine ki ngā hua kai, tae atu ki ngā hua miraka, ka piki ake te ihirangi hauota. Nō reira, i whakatau hētia ko te ihirangi pūmua o te miraka he nui ake i tōna āhua tūturu.
Mō ia karamu o te melamine ka tāpirihia, ka piki ake te nui o te pūmua o te kai mā te 0.4%. Heoi, he tino wairewa te melamine i roto i te wai, ā, ka nui ake te kino. Mā te tāpiri i te 1.3 karamu o te melamine ki ngā hua wai pērā i te miraka ka taea te whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua o te miraka mā te 30%5,6. Ahakoa ka tāpirihia te melamine ki ngā kai kararehe, tae atu ki ngā kai tangata hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua7, kāore te Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) me ngā mana whakahaere ā-motu i whakaae ki te melamine hei tāpiringa kai, ā, kua whakarārangihia he mea morearea mēnā ka horomia, ka manawahia, ka mimitihia rānei mā te kiri. I te tau 2012, i whakarārangihia e te International Agency for Research on Cancer o te World Health Organization (WHO) te melamine hei carcinogen Class 2B nā te mea ka kino pea ki te hauora o te tangata8. Mā te roa o te wā e pāngia ai te melamine ka pāngia pea te mate pukupuku, te whatukuhu rānei2. Ka taea e te melamine i roto i te kai te hono atu ki te waikawa cyanuric hei hanga i ngā tioata kōwhai kore-wai e pāngia ai te kiko whatukuhu me te mimi, tae atu ki te mate pukupuku o te ara mimi me te whakaheke taumaha9,10. Ka taea e ia te whakararu i te paihana kai, ā, i ngā kukū tiketike, ka mate, inā koa i roto i ngā pēpi me ngā tamariki nohinohi.11 Kua whakaritea hoki e te World Health Organization (WHO) te nui o te melamine e whakaaetia ana i ia rā (TDI) mō te tangata ki te 0.2 mg/kg te taumaha tinana ia rā i runga i ngā aratohu a te CAC.12 Kua whakaritea e te US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) te nui o te toenga mō te melamine ki te 1 mg/kg i roto i te miraka pēpi me te 2.5 mg/kg i roto i ētahi atu kai.2,7 I te marama o Hepetema 2008, i pūrongohia he maha ngā kaihanga miraka pēpi o te kāinga i tāpiri i te melamine ki te paura miraka hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua o ā rātou hua, ka hua ake he paihana paura miraka me te whakaoho i tētahi aituā paihana melamine puta noa i te motu i pāngia ai neke atu i te 294,000 ngā tamariki e te mate, ā, neke atu i te 50,000 i te hōhipera. 13
Kāore e taea te whāngai ū i ngā wā katoa nā ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i te uauatanga o te noho tāone, te mate o te whaea, o te tamaiti rānei, e hua ai te whakamahinga o te miraka pēpi hei whāngai i ngā pēpi. Nō reira, kua whakatūria ngā wheketere hei hanga miraka pēpi e tata ana ki te miraka ū i roto i te hanganga14. Ko te miraka pēpi e hokona ana i te mākete he mea hanga i te miraka kau, ā, he mea hanga ki te ranunga motuhake o ngā ngako, ngā pūmua, ngā warowaihā, ngā huaora, ngā kohuke me ētahi atu matū. Kia tata ai ki te miraka ū, ka rerekē te nui o te pūmua me te ngako o te miraka, ā, i runga i te momo miraka, ka whakakahangia ki ngā matū pērā i ngā huaora me ngā kohuke pērā i te rino15. Nā te mea he rōpū tairongo ngā pēpi, ā, he tūponotanga kei te paihana, he mea nui te haumaru o te paura miraka ki te hauora. Whai muri i te take paihana melamine i waenga i ngā pēpi Haina, kua aro nui ngā whenua o te ao ki tēnei take, ā, kua piki ake te tairongo o tēnei wāhanga. Nō reira, he mea tino nui kia whakapakarihia te whakahaere i te hanga miraka pēpi hei tiaki i te hauora o ngā pēpi. He maha ngā tikanga hei kimi i te melamine i roto i te kai, tae atu ki te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC), te electrophoresis, te tikanga sensory, te spectrophotometry me te antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16. I te tau 2007, i whakawhanakehia, i whakaputaina hoki e te US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tētahi tikanga HPLC hei whakatau i te melamine me te waikawa cyanuric i roto i te kai, koinei te tikanga tino whai hua hei whakatau i te ihirangi melamine17.
Ko ngā kukū melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi i inehia mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga tirotiro infrared hou i waenga i te 0.33 ki te 0.96 milligrams ia kirokaramu (mg kg-1). 18 I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau i Sri Lanka ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i te paura miraka katoa i waenga i te 0.39 ki te 0.84 mg kg-1. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā tauira miraka pēpi kawemai i roto i te miraka pēpi i kitea ngā taumata melamine teitei rawa atu, arā, 0.96 me te 0.94 mg/kg. Kei raro iho ēnei taumata i te rohe ture (1 mg/kg), engari me whai kaupapa aroturuki mō te haumaru o te kaihoko. 19
He maha ngā rangahau kua arotake i ngā taumata o te melamine i roto i ngā miraka pēpi o Iran. Tata ki te 65% o ngā tauira i roto he melamine, ko te toharite he 0.73 mg/kg me te mōrahi he 3.63 mg/kg. I kōrero tētahi atu rangahau ko te taumata o te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi i waenga i te 0.35 ki te 3.40 μg/kg, ko te toharite he 1.38 μg/kg. I te katoa, kua aromatawaihia te aroaro me te taumata o te melamine i roto i ngā miraka pēpi o Iran i roto i ngā rangahau maha, me ētahi tauira kei roto he melamine i neke atu i te rohe mōrahi i whakatakotoria e ngā mana whakahaere (2.5 mg/kg/whāngai).
I te whakaaro ki te nui o te paura miraka e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga kai, me te hiranga motuhake o te miraka pēpi i roto i te whāngai tamariki, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakamana i te tikanga kimi i te melamine i roto i te paura miraka me te miraka pēpi. Inaa, ko te whāinga tuatahi o tēnei rangahau he whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga tauanga tere, māmā me te tika mō te kimi i te poke o te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai mahi teitei (HPLC) me te kitenga ultraviolet (UV); Tuarua, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakatau i te nui o te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka e hokona ana i te mākete o Iran.
He rerekē ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te tātari melamine i runga i te wāhi whakaputa kai. I whakamahia he tikanga tātari HPLC-UV tairongo, pono hoki hei ine i ngā toenga melamine i roto i te miraka me te miraka pēpi. Kei roto i ngā hua miraka ngā momo pūmua me ngā ngako ka pā kino ki te ine melamine. Nō reira, e ai ki a Sun et al. 22, me whai rautaki horoi tika, whai hua hoki i mua i te tātari taputapu. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou ngā tātari werowero whakakorekore. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou he pou C18 hei wehe i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i te chromatogram mō te kimi melamine. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakaoranga o ngā tauira kei roto ko te 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine i ahu mai i te 95% ki te 109%, ko te whārite whakatau ko y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), ā, ko ngā uara paerewa rerekētanga (RSD) i ahu mai i te 0.8 ki te 2%. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga e wātea ana he pono te tikanga i roto i te awhe kukū i akohia (Ripanga 1). Ko te rohenga taputapu mō te kitenga (LOD) me te rohenga ine (LOQ) o te melamine he 1 μg mL−1 me te 3 μg mL−1, ia. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e te whānuitanga UV o te melamine he awhi mimiti i te 242 nm. He tairongo, he pono, he tika hoki te tikanga kitenga. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga mō te whakatau auau i te taumata melamine.
Kua whakaputaina ngā hua ōrite e ētahi kaituhi. I whakawhanakehia he tikanga chromatography wai-whakaahua-diode array (HPLC) mahi-teitei mō te tātari i te melamine i roto i ngā hua miraka. Ko ngā rohe iti o te ine ko te 340 μg kg−1 mō te paura miraka me te 280 μg kg−1 mō te miraka pēpi i te 240 nm. I kōrero a Filazzi et al. (2012) kāore i kitea te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi e te HPLC. Heoi, 8% o ngā tauira paura miraka kei roto te melamine i te taumata o te 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. I whakahaerehia e Tittlemiet et al.23 tētahi rangahau ōrite, ā, i whakatauhia ko te ihirangi melamine o te miraka pēpi (tau tauira: 72) mā te chromatography wai-whakarahi-papatipu mahi-teitei/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) kia tata ki te 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. I roto i tētahi rangahau i whakahaerehia e Venkatasamy et al. (2010), i whakamahia he huarahi matū matomato (kāore he acetonitrile) me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei-wāhanga-hurihuri (RP-HPLC) hei whakatau tata i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te miraka. Ko te awhe kukū o te tauira i waenga i te 1.0 ki te 80 g/mL, ā, he rārangi te urupare (r > 0.999). I whakaatuhia e te tikanga he 97.2–101.2 te whakaoranga i runga i te awhe kukū o te 5–40 g/mL, ā, ko te āheinga tāruarua he iti iho i te 1.0% te paerewa rerekētanga whanaunga. I tua atu, ko te LOD me te LOQ i kitea he 0.1 g mL−1 me te 0.2 g mL−124, ia. I whakatauhia e Lutter et al. (2011) te poke o te melamine i roto i te miraka kau me te miraka pēpi i ahu mai i te miraka mā te whakamahi i te HPLC-UV. Ko ngā kukū o te melamine i waenga i te < 0.2 ki te 2.52 mg kg−1. Ko te whānuitanga hihiri rārangi o te tikanga HPLC-UV he 0.05 ki te 2.5 mg kg−1 mō te miraka kau, 0.13 ki te 6.25 mg kg−1 mō te miraka pēpi me te wāhanga papatipu pūmua <15%, me te 0.25 ki te 12.5 mg kg−1 mō te miraka pēpi me te wāhanga papatipu pūmua 15%. Ko ngā hua LOD (me te LOQ) he 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) mō te miraka kau, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) mō te miraka pēpi <15% pūmua, me te 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−1) mō te miraka pēpi 15% pūmua, me te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru o te 3 me te 1025 mō te LOD me te LOQ, ia. I rangahau a Diebes et al. (2012) i ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te paura miraka mā te whakamahi i te HPLC/DMD. I roto i te miraka pēpi, ko ngā taumata iti rawa me ngā taumata teitei rawa ko 9.49 mg kg−1 me 258 mg kg−1. Ko te rohenga o te kitenga (LOD) ko 0.05 mg kg−1.
I rīpoata a Javaid me ētahi atu ko ngā toenga melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi kei roto i te awhe o te 0.002–2 mg kg−1 mā te Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). I whakaarohia e Rezai me ētahi atu he tikanga HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) hei whakatau tata i te melamine, ā, i tutuki i a rātou he LOQ o te 0.08 μg mL−1 mō te paura miraka, he iti iho i te taumata i whiwhihia i roto i tēnei rangahau. I whakawhanakehia e Sun me ētahi atu he RP-HPLC-DAD mō te kimi i te melamine i roto i te miraka wai mā te tangohanga wāhanga totoka (SPE). I whiwhi rātou i te LOD me te LOQ o te 18 me te 60 μg kg−128, ia, he tairongo ake i te rangahau o nāianei. Montesano me ētahi atu. i whakaū i te whai huatanga o te tikanga HPLC-DMD mō te aromatawai i te ihirangi melamine i roto i ngā tāpiringa pūmua me te rohenga o te ine ine o te 0.05–3 mg/kg, he iti ake te tairongo i te tikanga i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau29.
Kāore e kore, he mahi nui tā ngā taiwhanga tātari ki te tiaki i te taiao mā te aroturuki i ngā poke i roto i ngā tauira rerekē. Heoi, ko te whakamahinga o te maha o ngā matū me ngā whakarewa i te wā tātari ka hua ake pea te hanganga o ngā toenga kino. Nō reira, i whakawhanakehia te matū tātari matomato (GAC) i te tau 2000 hei whakaiti, hei whakakore rānei i ngā pānga kino o ngā tikanga tātari ki ngā kaiwhakahaere me te taiao26. Ko ngā tikanga kimi melamine tuku iho tae atu ki te chromatography, te electrophoresis, te capillary electrophoresis, me te enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kua whakamahia hei tautuhi i te melamine. Heoi, i roto i ngā tikanga kimi maha, kua aro nui ngā pūoko hikohiko nā te mea he tino pai te aro, te whiriwhiri, te tere o te wā tātari, me ngā āhuatanga ngāwari ki te whakamahi30,31. Ka whakamahia e te hangarau nano matomato ngā ara koiora hei hanga rauemi nano, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakaputanga o ngā para kino me te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, ka whakatairanga i te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi pumau. Hei tauira, ko ngā nanocomposites i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi hoa taiao, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā pūoko koiora hei kite i ngā matū pēnei i te melamine32,33,34.
E whakaatu ana te rangahau he pai te whakamahinga o te tangohanga moroiti ā-wāhanga totoka (SPME) nā te mea he nui ake tōna whai huatanga pūngao me tōna pumau ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga tango tuku iho. Nā te pai ki te taiao me te whai huatanga pūngao o te SPME, he pai rawa atu tēnei hei whakakapi i ngā tikanga tango tuku iho i roto i te matū tātari, ā, he tikanga pumau ake, he whai hua ake hoki mō te whakarite tauira35.
I te tau 2013, i whakawhanakehia e Wu me ētahi atu tētahi pūoko koiora tino tairongo me te whiriwhiri i te mata plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) e whakamahi ana i te hononga i waenga i te melamine me ngā paturopi anti-melamine hei kimi tere i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi mā te whakamahi i te immunoassay. Ko te biosensor SPR i honoa ki te immunoassay (mā te whakamahi i te melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin) he hangarau ngāwari ki te whakamahi me te utu iti me te rohe kitenga o te 0.02 μg mL-136 anake.
I whakamahia e Nasiri rāua ko Abbasian tētahi pūoko kawe kaha-teitei me ngā rauemi graphene oxide-chitosan (GOCS) hei kimi i te melamine i roto i ngā tauira arumoni37. I whakaatuhia e tēnei tikanga te tino whiriwhiringa, te tika, me te urupare. I whakaatuhia e te pūoko GOCS te aro nui (239.1 μM−1), he whānuitanga raina o te 0.01 ki te 200 μM, he pūmau hononga o te 1.73 × 104, me te LOD tae atu ki te 10 nM. I tua atu, i whakamahia e tētahi rangahau i whakahaerehia e Chandrasekhar et al. i te tau 2024 tētahi huarahi hoa-taiao me te whai hua. I whakamahia e rātou te tangohanga kiri papaya hei kaiwhakaiti hei hanga i ngā matūriki nano konutea waikura (ZnO-NP) i roto i tētahi tikanga hoa-taiao. I muri mai, i whakawhanakehia he tikanga motuhake mō te tirotiro moroiti-Raman hei whakatau i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā ZnO-NP i ahu mai i ngā para ahuwhenua te kaha hei taputapu tātaritanga whai hua me te hangarau pono, iti te utu mō te aroturuki me te kimi i te melamine38.
I whakamahia e Alizadeh et al. (2024) tētahi tūāpapa fluorescence anga whakarewa-organic (MOF) tino tairongo hei whakatau i te melamine i roto i te paura miraka. Ko te whānuitanga raina me te rohe kitenga iti o te pūoko, i whakatauhia mā te whakamahi i te 3σ/S, he 40 ki te 396.45 nM (he rite ki te 25 μg kg−1 ki te 0.25 mg kg−1) me te 40 nM (he rite ki te 25 μg kg−1), ia. Kei raro rawa atu tēnei whānuitanga i ngā taumata toenga mōrahi (MRL) i whakatakotoria mō te tautuhi i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi (1 mg kg−1) me ētahi atu tauira kai/whāngai (2.5 mg kg−1). I whakaatuhia e te pūoko fluorescent (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) te tika teitei ake me te kaha ine tika ake i te HPLC39 ki te kite i te melamine i roto i te paura miraka. Ko ngā pūoko koiora me ngā nanocomposites i roto i te matū matomato ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i ngā kaha kitenga engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā tūponotanga taiao i runga anō i ngā mātāpono whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Kua whakamahia ngā mātāpono matū matomato ki ngā tikanga maha mō te whakatau i te melamine. Ko tētahi huarahi ko te whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga tango-iti-wāhanga totoka marara matomato mā te whakamahi i te polymer polar taiao β-cyclodextrin kua honoa ki te waikawa citric hei tango pai i te melamine 40 mai i ngā tauira pēnei i te miraka pēpi me te wai wera. Ko tētahi atu tikanga e whakamahi ana i te tauhohenga Mannich mō te whakatau i te melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka. He iti te utu o tēnei tikanga, he pai ki te taiao, ā, he tino tika me te whānuitanga raina o te 0.1–2.5 ppm me te rohenga iti o te kitenga 41. I tua atu, i whakawhanakehia he tikanga utu-whai hua me te pai ki te taiao mō te whakatau ine o te melamine i roto i te miraka wai me te miraka pēpi mā te whakamahi i te Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy me te tika teitei me ngā rohenga kitenga o te 1 ppm me te 3.5 ppm, ia 42. E whakaatu ana ēnei tikanga i te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono matū matomato ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga whai hua me te pumau mō te whakatau i te melamine.
He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaaro ake i ngā tikanga auaha mō te kimi i te melamine, pērā i te whakamahinga o te tangohanga totoka me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC)43, me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei tere (HPLC), kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga-mua uaua, he tauhohenga takirua-katote rānei, ā, ka whakaitihia te nui o ngā para matū44. Ehara i te mea ka puta noa i ēnei tikanga ngā hua tika mō te whakatau i te melamine i roto i ngā hua miraka, engari ka tutuki hoki i ngā mātāpono o te matū matomato, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā matū kino me te whakaiti i te pānga taiao whānui o te tukanga tātari.
E whā tekau ngā tauira o ngā waitohu rerekē i whakamātauria i roto i ngā tāruatanga e toru, ā, kei te Ripanga 2 ngā hua. Ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te paura miraka i waenga i te 0.001 ki te 0.004 mg/kg me te 0.001 ki te 0.095 mg/kg. Kāore i kitea he huringa nui i waenga i ngā rōpū tau e toru o te miraka pēpi. Hei tāpiri, i kitea te melamine i roto i te 80% o te paura miraka, engari 65% o ngā miraka pēpi i poke i te melamine.
He nui ake te nui o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka ahumahi i tō te miraka pēpi, ā, he rerekētanga nui (p<0.05) (Pikitia 2).
I raro iho ngā hua i ngā rohe i whakatakotoria e te FDA (i raro iho i te 1 me te 2.5 mg/kg). Hei tāpiri, e hangai ana ngā hua ki ngā rohe i whakatakotoria e CAC (2010) me te EU45,46, arā, ko te rohe mōrahi e whakaaetia ana ko te 1 mg kg-1 mō te miraka pēpi me te 2.5 mg kg-1 mō ngā hua miraka.
E ai ki tētahi rangahau i te tau 2023 nā Ghanati et al.47, ko te nui o te melamine i roto i ngā momo miraka kua tākaihia i Iran i waenga i te 50.7 ki te 790 μg kg−1. I raro iho ā rātou hua i te rohenga e whakaaetia ana e te FDA. He iti iho ā mātou hua i ērā a Shoder et al.48 me Rima et al.49. I kitea e Shoder et al. (2010) ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i te paura miraka (n=49) i whakatauhia e te ELISA i waenga i te 0.5 ki te 5.5 mg/kg. I tātarihia e Rima et al. ngā toenga melamine i roto i te paura miraka mā te fluorescence spectrophotometry, ā, i kitea ko te nui o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka he 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. I whakahaerehia tētahi rangahau i Kanata i te tau 2011 hei aroturuki i ngā taumata melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi (n=94) mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai (LC/MS). I kitea ko ngā kukū melamine kei raro iho i te rohenga e whakaaetia ana (paerewa tuatahi: 0.5 mg kg−1). Kāore pea i te tino kitea he rautaki tinihanga ngā taumata melamine i kitea hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakamārama mā te whakamahinga o ngā maniua, te nekehanga o ngā ihirangi o te ipu, me ngā āhuatanga rite rānei. I tua atu, kāore i whakaaturia te pūtake o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka i kawemai ki Kanata50.
I inehia e Hassani me ētahi atu te nui o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka me te miraka wai i te mākete o Iran i te tau 2013, ā, i kitea he rite tonu ngā hua. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua, haunga tētahi waitohu paura miraka me te miraka wai, i poke katoa ngā tauira i te melamine, me ngā taumata mai i te 1.50 ki te 30.32 μg g−1 i roto i te paura miraka me te 0.11 ki te 1.48 μg ml−1 i roto i te miraka. He mea nui, kāore i kitea he waikawa cyanuric i roto i tētahi o ngā tauira, ā, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te paihana melamine mō ngā kaihoko. 51 Kua aromatawaihia e ngā rangahau o mua te kukū melamine i roto i ngā hua tiakarete kei roto te paura miraka. Tata ki te 94% o ngā tauira kawemai me te 77% o ngā tauira Iran kei roto te melamine. Ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira kawemai i waenga i te 0.032 ki te 2.692 mg/kg, ko ngā taumata i roto i ngā tauira Iran i waenga i te 0.013 ki te 2.600 mg/kg. I te nuinga o te wā, i kitea te melamine i roto i te 85% o ngā tauira, engari kotahi anake te waitohu motuhake i nui ake ngā taumata i te rohe e whakaaetia ana.44 I kōrero a Tittlemier me ētahi atu mō ngā taumata melamine i roto i te paura miraka mai i te 0.00528 ki te 0.0122 mg/kg.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 3 i ngā hua aromatawai mōrearea mō ngā rōpū reanga e toru. He iti iho i te 1 te mōrearea i roto i ngā rōpū reanga katoa. Nō reira, kāore he mōrearea hauora kore-matepukupuku mai i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi.
Tērā pea nā te poke kore i te wā e whakaritea ana te take o te iti o te parahanga i roto i ngā hua miraka, engari nā te tāpiri ā-taupānga pea nā te tāpiritanga ā-taupānga te take o te iti o te parahanga i roto i ngā hua miraka. Hei tāpiri, ko te mōrearea whānui ki te hauora o te tangata mai i te kai i ngā hua miraka he iti te taumata melamine e kiia ana he iti. Ka taea te whakatau ko te kai i ngā hua kei roto i aua taumata iti o te melamine kāore he mōrearea ki te hauora o te kaihoko52.
I te mea he mea nui te whakahaere haumaru kai i roto i te umanga miraka, inā koa mō te tiaki i te hauora o te marea, he mea tino nui te whakawhanake me te whakamana i tētahi tikanga mō te aromatawai me te whakatairite i ngā taumata melamine me ngā toenga i roto i te paura miraka me te miraka pēpi. I whakawhanakehia he tikanga ine HPLC-UV māmā, tika hoki mō te whakatau i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. I whakamanahia te tikanga kia pono ai, kia tika ai hoki. I whakaatuhia he tairongo ngā rohe kitenga me te ine i ngā taumata melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. E ai ki ā mātou raraunga, i kitea te melamine i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauira Iranian. Ko ngā taumata melamine katoa i kitea i raro iho i ngā rohe mōrahi i whakaaetia e CAC, e tohu ana kāore te kai i ēnei momo hua miraka e tūpono ki te hauora o te tangata.
Ko ngā matū katoa i whakamahia he mea tātari: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% parakore (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); acetonitrile HPLC-grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Tiamana); wai tino parakore (Millipore, Morfheim, Wīwī). Ngā tātari werowero whakakorekore (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, rahi o te pūwero 0.45 μm, diameter o te kiriuhi 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Tiamana).
I whakamahia he kaukau ultrasonic (Elma, Tiamana), he centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Tiamana) me te HPLC (KNAUER, Tiamana) hei whakarite i ngā tauira.
I whakamahia he mīhini tātari wai mahi-teitei (KNAUER, Tiamana) he taputapu kite UV. Ko ngā tikanga tātari HPLC penei: he pūnaha UHPLC Ultimate he pou tātari ODS-3 C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, rahi matūriki 5 μm) (MZ, Tiamana) i whakamahia. Ko te wai whakapūngao HPLC (wāhanga neke) he ranunga TFA/methanol (450:50 mL) me te tere rere o te 1 mL min-1. Ko te roangaru kite he 242 nm. Ko te rōrahi werohanga he 100 μL, ko te pāmahana pou he 20 °C. Nā te mea he roa te wā pupuri o te rongoā (15 meneti), me mahi te werohanga e whai ake nei i muri i te 25 meneti. I tautuhia te melamine mā te whakataurite i te wā pupuri me te tihi hihi UV o ngā paerewa melamine.
I whakaritea he otinga paerewa o te melamine (10 μg/mL) mā te whakamahi i te wai, ā, i rongoatia ki roto i te pouaka whakamātao (4 °C) kia matara atu i te mārama. Whakaranua te otinga taketake ki te wāhanga neke, kātahi ka whakarite i ngā otinga paerewa mahi. I werohia ia otinga paerewa ki roto i te HPLC e 7 ngā wā. I tatauhia te whārite whakataurite 10 mā te tātari whakatau tata o te horahanga tihi kua whakatauhia me te kukū kua whakatauhia.
I hokona mai i ngā hūpāmakete me ngā whare rongoā o te rohe ngā paura miraka kau (20 tauira) me ngā tauira o ngā momo miraka kau rerekē (20 tauira) hei whāngai i ngā pēpi o ngā reanga rerekē (0–6 marama, 6–12 marama, me te >12 marama) ā, i rongoatia ki te pāmahana pouaka whakamātao (4 °C) tae noa ki te tātaritanga. Kātahi ka paunatia te 1 ± 0.01 karamu o te paura miraka kua whakaranua, ā, i konatunatua ki te acetonitrile:wai (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). I whakaohokia te ranunga mō te 1 meneti, kātahi ka sonicated ki roto i te kaukau ultrasonic mō te 30 meneti, ā, i te mutunga ka rūrūtia mō te 1 meneti. Kātahi ka centrifuged te ranunga ki te 9000 × g mō te 10 meneti i te pāmahana rūma, ā, i tātarihia te wai i roto i te ipu autosampler 2 ml mā te whakamahi i te tātari syringe 0.45 μm. Kātahi ka konatunatua te tātari (250 μl) ki te wai (750 μl) ka werohia ki runga i te pūnaha HPLC10,42.
Hei whakamana i te tikanga, i whakatauhia e mātou te whakaora, te tika, te rohenga o te kitenga (LOD), te rohenga o te ine (LOQ), me te tika i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai. I tautuhia te LOD hei te ihirangi tauira me te teitei tihi e toru ngā wā i te taumata haruru taketake. I tētahi atu taha, ko te ihirangi tauira me te teitei tihi 10 ngā wā i te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru i tautuhia hei LOQ.
I whakatauhia te urupare a te taputapu mā te whakamahi i tētahi pihi whakatikatika e whitu ngā raraunga. I whakamahia ngā momo ihirangi melamine (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 me te 1.2). I whakatauhia te rārangi o te tukanga tatau melamine. I tua atu, i tāpirihia ētahi taumata rerekē o te melamine ki ngā tauira kau. I hangaia te pihi whakatikatika mā te werohanga tonu i te 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 o tētahi otinga melamine paerewa ki roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te miraka paura, ā, ko tōna R2 = 0.9925. I aromatawaihia te tika mā te whakahokinga me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō i te tukanga, ā, i tutuki mā te werohanga i ngā tauira i ngā rā tuatahi me ngā rā e toru i muri mai (kia toru ngā tārua). I aromatawaihia te whakahokinga o te tikanga mā te tatau i te % RSD mō ngā kukū rerekē e toru o te melamine i tāpirihia. I whakahaerehia ngā rangahau whakaora hei whakatau i te tika. I tatauhia te nui o te whakaoranga mā te tikanga tango i ngā taumata e toru o te kukū melamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te miraka maroke9,11,15.
I whakatauhia te kai e whakaarohia ana i ia rā (EDI) mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Ko Ci te nui o te melamine toharite, ko Cc te miraka e kainga ana, ā, ko BW te taumaha toharite o ngā tamariki.
I whakamahia te SPSS 24 hei tātari raraunga. I whakamātauria te ōritetanga mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau Kolmogorov-Smirnov; he whakamātautau kore-taurite ngā raraunga katoa (p = 0). Nō reira, i whakamahia te whakamātautau Kruskal-Wallis me te whakamātautau Mann-Whitney hei whakatau i ngā rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā rōpū.
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