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He poke kai te melamine e mōhiotia ana, e kitea ana pea i roto i ētahi momo kai, i te tūpono me te āta whakaarohia. Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he manatoko i te kitenga me te ine i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. E 40 ngā tauira kai arumoni e wātea ana, tae atu ki te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka, mai i ngā rohe rerekē o Īrāna i tātarihia. I whakatauhia te nui o te melamine o ngā tauira mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha chromatography wai-ultraviolet mahi-teitei (HPLC-UV). I hangaia he kōpiko whakataurite (R2 = 0.9925) hei kimi i te melamine i te awhe o te 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Ko ngā rohe o te ine me te kimi ko te 1 μg mL−1 me te 3 μg mL−1, ia. I whakamātauria te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka, ā, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te paura miraka ko te 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 me te 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, ia. E hangai ana ēnei uara ki ngā ture o te EU me te Codex Alimentarius. He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te kai i ēnei hua miraka he iti te melamine kāore e whakararu nui i te hauora o te kaihoko. E tautokona ana hoki tēnei e ngā hua o te aromatawai mōrearea.
He matū waro te Melamine, ko tōna tauira ngota C3H6N6, i ahu mai i te cyanamide. He tino iti te wairewatanga i roto i te wai, ā, tata ki te 66% te hauota. He matū ahumahi whānuitia te Melamine, he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga tika i roto i te hanga kirihou, maniua, me ngā taputapu tukatuka kai (tae atu ki te takai kai me ngā taputapu kīhini)1,2. Ka whakamahia hoki te Melamine hei kaikawe rongoā mō te rongoā i ngā mate. Ko te nui o te hauota i roto i te melamine ka arahi ki te whakamahinga hē o te matū me te tuku i ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngota pūmua ki ngā kai kai3,4. Nō reira, mā te tāpiri i te melamine ki ngā hua kai, tae atu ki ngā hua miraka, ka piki ake te ihirangi hauota. Nō reira, i whakatau hētia ko te ihirangi pūmua o te miraka he nui ake i tōna āhua tūturu.
Mō ia karamu o te melamine ka tāpirihia, ka piki ake te nui o te pūmua o te kai mā te 0.4%. Heoi, he tino wairewa te melamine i roto i te wai, ā, ka nui ake te kino. Mā te tāpiri i te 1.3 karamu o te melamine ki ngā hua wai pērā i te miraka ka taea te whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua o te miraka mā te 30%5,6. Ahakoa ka tāpirihia te melamine ki ngā kai kararehe, tae atu ki ngā kai tangata hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua7, kāore te Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) me ngā mana whakahaere ā-motu i whakaae ki te melamine hei tāpiringa kai, ā, kua whakarārangihia he mea morearea mēnā ka horomia, ka manawahia, ka mimitihia rānei mā te kiri. I te tau 2012, i whakarārangihia e te International Agency for Research on Cancer o te World Health Organization (WHO) te melamine hei carcinogen Class 2B nā te mea ka kino pea ki te hauora o te tangata8. Mā te roa o te wā e pāngia ai te melamine ka pāngia pea te mate pukupuku, te whatukuhu rānei2. Ka taea e te melamine i roto i te kai te hono atu ki te waikawa cyanuric hei hanga i ngā tioata kōwhai kore-wai e pāngia ai te kiko whatukuhu me te mimi, tae atu ki te mate pukupuku o te ara mimi me te whakaheke taumaha9,10. Ka taea e ia te whakararu i te paihana kai, ā, i ngā kukū tiketike, ka mate, inā koa i roto i ngā pēpi me ngā tamariki nohinohi.11 Kua whakaritea hoki e te World Health Organization (WHO) te nui o te melamine e whakaaetia ana i ia rā (TDI) mō te tangata ki te 0.2 mg/kg te taumaha tinana ia rā i runga i ngā aratohu a te CAC.12 Kua whakaritea e te US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) te nui o te toenga mō te melamine ki te 1 mg/kg i roto i te miraka pēpi me te 2.5 mg/kg i roto i ētahi atu kai.2,7 I te marama o Hepetema 2008, i pūrongohia he maha ngā kaihanga miraka pēpi o te kāinga i tāpiri i te melamine ki te paura miraka hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua o ā rātou hua, ka hua ake he paihana paura miraka me te whakaoho i tētahi aituā paihana melamine puta noa i te motu i pāngia ai neke atu i te 294,000 ngā tamariki e te mate, ā, neke atu i te 50,000 i te hōhipera. 13
Kāore e taea te whāngai ū i ngā wā katoa nā ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i te uauatanga o te noho tāone, te mate o te whaea, o te tamaiti rānei, e hua ai te whakamahinga o te miraka pēpi hei whāngai i ngā pēpi. Nō reira, kua whakatūria ngā wheketere hei hanga miraka pēpi e tata ana ki te miraka ū i roto i te hanganga14. Ko te miraka pēpi e hokona ana i te mākete he mea hanga i te miraka kau, ā, he mea hanga ki te ranunga motuhake o ngā ngako, ngā pūmua, ngā warowaihā, ngā huaora, ngā kohuke me ētahi atu matū. Kia tata ai ki te miraka ū, ka rerekē te nui o te pūmua me te ngako o te miraka, ā, i runga i te momo miraka, ka whakakahangia ki ngā matū pērā i ngā huaora me ngā kohuke pērā i te rino15. Nā te mea he rōpū tairongo ngā pēpi, ā, he tūponotanga kei te paihana, he mea nui te haumaru o te paura miraka ki te hauora. Whai muri i te take paihana melamine i waenga i ngā pēpi Haina, kua aro nui ngā whenua o te ao ki tēnei take, ā, kua piki ake hoki te tairongo o tēnei wāhanga. Nō reira, he mea tino nui kia whakapakarihia te whakahaere i te hanga miraka pēpi hei tiaki i te hauora o ngā pēpi. He maha ngā tikanga hei kimi i te melamine i roto i te kai, tae atu ki te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC), te electrophoresis, te tikanga sensory, te spectrophotometry me te antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16. I te tau 2007, i whakawhanakehia, i whakaputaina hoki e te US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tētahi tikanga HPLC hei whakatau i te melamine me te waikawa cyanuric i roto i te kai, koinei te tikanga tino whai hua hei whakatau i te ihirangi melamine17.
Ko ngā kukū melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi i inehia mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga tirotiro infrared hou i waenga i te 0.33 ki te 0.96 milligrams ia kirokaramu (mg kg-1). 18 I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau i Sri Lanka ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i te paura miraka katoa i waenga i te 0.39 ki te 0.84 mg kg-1. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā tauira miraka pēpi kawemai i roto i te miraka pēpi i kitea ngā taumata melamine teitei rawa atu, arā, 0.96 me te 0.94 mg/kg. Kei raro iho ēnei taumata i te rohe ture (1 mg/kg), engari me whai kaupapa aroturuki mō te haumaru o te kaihoko. 19
He maha ngā rangahau kua arotake i ngā taumata o te melamine i roto i ngā miraka pēpi o Iran. Tata ki te 65% o ngā tauira i roto he melamine, ko te toharite he 0.73 mg/kg me te mōrahi he 3.63 mg/kg. I kōrero tētahi atu rangahau ko te taumata o te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi i waenga i te 0.35 ki te 3.40 μg/kg, ko te toharite he 1.38 μg/kg. I te katoa, kua aromatawaihia te aroaro me te taumata o te melamine i roto i ngā miraka pēpi o Iran i roto i ngā rangahau maha, me ētahi tauira kei roto he melamine i neke atu i te rohe mōrahi i whakatakotoria e ngā mana whakahaere (2.5 mg/kg/whāngai).
I te whakaaro ki te nui o te paura miraka e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga kai, me te hiranga motuhake o te miraka pēpi i roto i te whāngai tamariki, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakamana i te tikanga kimi i te melamine i roto i te paura miraka me te miraka pēpi. Inaa, ko te whāinga tuatahi o tēnei rangahau he whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga tauanga tere, māmā me te tika mō te kimi i te poke o te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai mahi teitei (HPLC) me te kitenga ultraviolet (UV); Tuarua, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakatau i te nui o te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka e hokona ana i te mākete o Iran.
He rerekē ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te tātari melamine i runga i te wāhi whakaputa kai. I whakamahia he tikanga tātari HPLC-UV tairongo, pono hoki hei ine i ngā toenga melamine i roto i te miraka me te miraka pēpi. Kei roto i ngā hua miraka ngā momo pūmua me ngā ngako ka pā kino ki te ine melamine. Nō reira, e ai ki a Sun et al. 22, me whai rautaki horoi tika, whai hua hoki i mua i te tātari taputapu. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou ngā tātari werowero whakakorekore. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou he pou C18 hei wehe i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i te chromatogram mō te kimi melamine. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakaoranga o ngā tauira kei roto ko te 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine i ahu mai i te 95% ki te 109%, ko te whārite whakatau ko y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), ā, ko ngā uara paerewa rerekētanga (RSD) i ahu mai i te 0.8 ki te 2%. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga e wātea ana he pono te tikanga i roto i te awhe kukū i akohia (Ripanga 1). Ko te rohenga taputapu mō te kitenga (LOD) me te rohenga ine (LOQ) o te melamine he 1 μg mL−1 me te 3 μg mL−1, ia. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e te whānuitanga UV o te melamine he awhi mimiti i te 242 nm. He tairongo, he pono, he tika hoki te tikanga kitenga. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga mō te whakatau auau i te taumata melamine.
Kua whakaputaina ngā hua ōrite e ētahi kaituhi. I whakawhanakehia he tikanga chromatography wai-whakaahua-diode array (HPLC) mahi-teitei mō te tātari i te melamine i roto i ngā hua miraka. Ko ngā rohe iti o te ine ko te 340 μg kg−1 mō te paura miraka me te 280 μg kg−1 mō te miraka pēpi i te 240 nm. I kōrero a Filazzi et al. (2012) kāore i kitea te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi e te HPLC. Heoi, 8% o ngā tauira paura miraka kei roto te melamine i te taumata o te 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. I whakahaerehia e Tittlemiet et al.23 tētahi rangahau ōrite, ā, i whakatauhia ko te ihirangi melamine o te miraka pēpi (tau tauira: 72) mā te chromatography wai-whakarahi-papatipu mahi-teitei/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) kia tata ki te 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. I roto i tētahi rangahau i whakahaerehia e Venkatasamy et al. (2010), i whakamahia he huarahi matū matomato (kāore he acetonitrile) me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei-wāhanga-hurihuri (RP-HPLC) hei whakatau tata i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te miraka. Ko te awhe kukū o te tauira i waenga i te 1.0 ki te 80 g/mL, ā, he rārangi te urupare (r > 0.999). I whakaatuhia e te tikanga he 97.2–101.2 te whakaoranga i runga i te awhe kukū o te 5–40 g/mL, ā, ko te āheinga tāruarua he iti iho i te 1.0% te paerewa rerekētanga whanaunga. I tua atu, ko te LOD me te LOQ i kitea he 0.1 g mL−1 me te 0.2 g mL−124, ia. I whakatauhia e Lutter et al. (2011) te poke o te melamine i roto i te miraka kau me te miraka pēpi i ahu mai i te miraka mā te whakamahi i te HPLC-UV. Ko ngā kukū o te melamine i waenga i te < 0.2 ki te 2.52 mg kg−1. Ko te whānuitanga hihiri rārangi o te tikanga HPLC-UV he 0.05 ki te 2.5 mg kg−1 mō te miraka kau, 0.13 ki te 6.25 mg kg−1 mō te miraka pēpi me te wāhanga papatipu pūmua <15%, me te 0.25 ki te 12.5 mg kg−1 mō te miraka pēpi me te wāhanga papatipu pūmua 15%. Ko ngā hua LOD (me te LOQ) he 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) mō te miraka kau, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) mō te miraka pēpi <15% pūmua, me te 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−1) mō te miraka pēpi 15% pūmua, me te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru o te 3 me te 1025 mō te LOD me te LOQ, ia. I rangahau a Diebes et al. (2012) i ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te paura miraka mā te whakamahi i te HPLC/DMD. I roto i te miraka pēpi, ko ngā taumata iti rawa me ngā taumata teitei rawa ko 9.49 mg kg−1 me 258 mg kg−1. Ko te rohenga o te kitenga (LOD) ko 0.05 mg kg−1.
I rīpoata a Javaid me ētahi atu ko ngā toenga melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi kei roto i te awhe o te 0.002–2 mg kg−1 mā te Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). I whakaarohia e Rezai me ētahi atu he tikanga HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) hei whakatau tata i te melamine, ā, i tutuki i a rātou he LOQ o te 0.08 μg mL−1 mō te paura miraka, he iti iho i te taumata i whiwhihia i roto i tēnei rangahau. I whakawhanakehia e Sun me ētahi atu he RP-HPLC-DAD mō te kimi i te melamine i roto i te miraka wai mā te tangohanga wāhanga totoka (SPE). I whiwhi rātou i te LOD me te LOQ o te 18 me te 60 μg kg−128, ia, he tairongo ake i te rangahau o nāianei. Montesano me ētahi atu. i whakaū i te whai huatanga o te tikanga HPLC-DMD mō te aromatawai i te ihirangi melamine i roto i ngā tāpiringa pūmua me te rohenga o te ine ine o te 0.05–3 mg/kg, he iti ake te tairongo i te tikanga i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau29.
Kāore e kore, he mahi nui tā ngā taiwhanga tātari ki te tiaki i te taiao mā te aroturuki i ngā poke i roto i ngā tauira rerekē. Heoi, mā te whakamahi i te maha o ngā matū me ngā whakarewa i te wā tātari ka hua ake pea te hanganga o ngā toenga kino. Nō reira, i whakawhanakehia te matū tātari matomato (GAC) i te tau 2000 hei whakaiti, hei whakakore rānei i ngā pānga kino o ngā tikanga tātari ki ngā kaiwhakahaere me te taiao26. Ko ngā tikanga kimi melamine tuku iho tae atu ki te chromatography, te electrophoresis, te capillary electrophoresis, me te enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kua whakamahia hei tautuhi i te melamine. Heoi, i roto i ngā tikanga kimi maha, kua aro nui ngā pūoko hikohiko nā te mea he tino pai te aro, te whiriwhiri, te tere o te tātari, me ngā āhuatanga ngāwari ki te whakamahi30,31. Ka whakamahia e te hangarau nano matomato ngā ara koiora hei hanga i ngā nanomaterials, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakaputanga o ngā para kino me te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, ka whakatairanga i te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi pumau. Hei tauira, ko ngā nanocomposites i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi hoa taiao, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā biosensors hei kimi i ngā matū pēnei i te melamine32,33,34.
E whakaatu ana te rangahau he pai te whakamahinga o te tangohanga iti-wāhanga totoka (SPME) nā te mea he pai ake te whai huatanga o te pūngao me te pumau ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga tango tuku iho. Nā te pai ki te taiao me te whai huatanga o te pūngao o te SPME, he huarahi pai rawa atu tēnei ki ngā tikanga tango tuku iho i roto i te matū tātari, ā, he tikanga pumau ake, he whai hua ake hoki mō te whakarite tauira35.
I te tau 2013, i whakawhanakehia e Wu me ētahi atu tētahi pūoko koiora tino tairongo me te whiriwhiri i te mata plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) e whakamahi ana i te hononga i waenga i te melamine me ngā paturopi anti-melamine hei kimi tere i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi mā te whakamahi i te immunoassay. Ko te biosensor SPR i honoa ki te immunoassay (mā te whakamahi i te melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin) he hangarau ngāwari ki te whakamahi me te utu iti me te rohe kitenga o te 0.02 μg mL-136 anake.
I whakamahia e Nasiri rāua ko Abbasian tētahi pūoko kawe kaha-teitei me ngā rauemi graphene oxide-chitosan (GOCS) hei kimi i te melamine i roto i ngā tauira arumoni37. I whakaatuhia e tēnei tikanga te tino whiriwhiringa, te tika, me te urupare. I whakaatuhia e te pūoko GOCS te aro nui (239.1 μM−1), he whānuitanga raina o te 0.01 ki te 200 μM, he pūmau hononga o te 1.73 × 104, me te LOD tae atu ki te 10 nM. I tua atu, i whakamahia e tētahi rangahau i whakahaerehia e Chandrasekhar et al. i te tau 2024 tētahi huarahi hoa-taiao me te whai hua. I whakamahia e rātou te tangohanga kiri papaya hei kaiwhakaiti hei hanga i ngā matūriki nano konutea waikura (ZnO-NP) i roto i tētahi tikanga hoa-taiao. I muri mai, i whakawhanakehia he tikanga motuhake mō te tirotiro moroiti-Raman hei whakatau i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā ZnO-NP i ahu mai i ngā para ahuwhenua te kaha hei taputapu tātaritanga whai hua me te hangarau pono, iti te utu mō te aroturuki me te kimi i te melamine38.
I whakamahia e Alizadeh et al. (2024) tētahi tūāpapa fluorescence anga whakarewa-organic (MOF) tino tairongo hei whakatau i te melamine i roto i te paura miraka. Ko te whānuitanga raina me te rohe kitenga iti o te pūoko, i whakatauhia mā te whakamahi i te 3σ/S, he 40 ki te 396.45 nM (he rite ki te 25 μg kg−1 ki te 0.25 mg kg−1) me te 40 nM (he rite ki te 25 μg kg−1), ia. Kei raro rawa atu tēnei whānuitanga i ngā taumata toenga mōrahi (MRL) i whakatakotoria mō te tautuhi i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi (1 mg kg−1) me ētahi atu tauira kai/whāngai (2.5 mg kg−1). I whakaatuhia e te pūoko fluorescent (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) te tika teitei ake me te kaha ine tika ake i te HPLC39 ki te kite i te melamine i roto i te paura miraka. Ko ngā pūoko koiora me ngā nanocomposites i roto i te matū matomato ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i ngā kaha kitenga engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā tūponotanga taiao i runga anō i ngā mātāpono whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Kua whakamahia ngā mātāpono matū matomato ki ngā tikanga maha mō te whakatau i te melamine. Ko tētahi huarahi ko te whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga tango-iti-wāhanga totoka matomato mā te whakamahi i te polymer polar taiao β-cyclodextrin kua honoa ki te waikawa citric hei tango pai i te melamine 40 mai i ngā tauira pēnei i te miraka pēpi me te wai wera. Ko tētahi atu tikanga e whakamahi ana i te tauhohenga Mannich mō te whakatau i te melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka. He iti te utu o tēnei tikanga, he pai ki te taiao, ā, he tino tika me te whānuitanga raina o te 0.1–2.5 ppm me te rohenga iti o te kitenga 41. I tua atu, i whakawhanakehia he tikanga utu-whai hua me te pai ki te taiao mō te whakatau ine o te melamine i roto i te miraka wai me te miraka pēpi mā te whakamahi i te Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy me te tika teitei me ngā rohenga kitenga o te 1 ppm me te 3.5 ppm, ia 42. E whakaatu ana ēnei tikanga i te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono matū matomato ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga whai hua me te pumau mō te whakatau i te melamine.
He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaaro ake i ngā tikanga auaha mō te kimi i te melamine, pērā i te whakamahinga o te tangohanga totoka me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC)43, me te chromatography wai mahi-teitei tere (HPLC), kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga-mua uaua, he tauhohenga takirua-katote rānei, ā, ka whakaitihia te nui o ngā para matū44. Ehara i te mea ka puta noa i ēnei tikanga ngā hua tika mō te whakatau i te melamine i roto i ngā hua miraka, engari ka tutuki hoki i ngā mātāpono o te matū matomato, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā matū kino me te whakaiti i te pānga taiao whānui o te tukanga tātari.
E whā tekau ngā tauira o ngā waitohu rerekē i whakamātauria i roto i ngā tāruatanga e toru, ā, kei te Ripanga 2 ngā hua. Ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te paura miraka i waenga i te 0.001 ki te 0.004 mg/kg me te 0.001 ki te 0.095 mg/kg. Kāore i kitea he huringa nui i waenga i ngā rōpū tau e toru o te miraka pēpi. Hei tāpiri, i kitea te melamine i roto i te 80% o te paura miraka, engari 65% o ngā miraka pēpi i poke i te melamine.
He nui ake te nui o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka ahumahi i tō te miraka pēpi, ā, he rerekētanga nui (p<0.05) (Pikitia 2).
I raro iho ngā hua i ngā rohe i whakatakotoria e te FDA (i raro iho i te 1 me te 2.5 mg/kg). Hei tāpiri, e hangai ana ngā hua ki ngā rohe i whakatakotoria e CAC (2010) me te EU45,46, arā, ko te rohe mōrahi e whakaaetia ana ko te 1 mg kg-1 mō te miraka pēpi me te 2.5 mg kg-1 mō ngā hua miraka.
E ai ki tētahi rangahau i te tau 2023 nā Ghanati et al.47, ko te nui o te melamine i roto i ngā momo miraka kua tākaihia i Iran i waenga i te 50.7 ki te 790 μg kg−1. I raro iho ā rātou hua i te rohenga e whakaaetia ana e te FDA. He iti iho ā mātou hua i ērā a Shoder et al.48 me Rima et al.49. I kitea e Shoder et al. (2010) ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i te paura miraka (n=49) i whakatauhia e te ELISA i waenga i te 0.5 ki te 5.5 mg/kg. I tātarihia e Rima et al. ngā toenga melamine i roto i te paura miraka mā te fluorescence spectrophotometry, ā, i kitea ko te nui o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka he 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. I whakahaerehia tētahi rangahau i Kanata i te tau 2011 hei aroturuki i ngā taumata melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi (n=94) mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai (LC/MS). I kitea ko ngā kukū melamine kei raro iho i te rohenga e whakaaetia ana (paerewa tuatahi: 0.5 mg kg−1). Kāore pea i te tino kitea he rautaki tinihanga ngā taumata melamine i kitea hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pūmua. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakamārama mā te whakamahinga o ngā maniua, te nekehanga o ngā ihirangi o te ipu, me ngā āhuatanga rite rānei. I tua atu, kāore i whakaaturia te pūtake o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka i kawemai ki Kanata50.
I inehia e Hassani me ētahi atu te nui o te melamine i roto i te paura miraka me te miraka wai i te mākete o Iran i te tau 2013, ā, i kitea he rite tonu ngā hua. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua, haunga tētahi waitohu paura miraka me te miraka wai, i poke katoa ngā tauira i te melamine, me ngā taumata mai i te 1.50 ki te 30.32 μg g−1 i roto i te paura miraka me te 0.11 ki te 1.48 μg ml−1 i roto i te miraka. He mea nui, kāore i kitea he waikawa cyanuric i roto i tētahi o ngā tauira, ā, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te paihana melamine mō ngā kaihoko. 51 Kua aromatawaihia e ngā rangahau o mua te kukū melamine i roto i ngā hua tiakarete kei roto te paura miraka. Tata ki te 94% o ngā tauira kawemai me te 77% o ngā tauira Iran kei roto te melamine. Ko ngā taumata melamine i roto i ngā tauira kawemai i waenga i te 0.032 ki te 2.692 mg/kg, ko ngā taumata i roto i ngā tauira Iran i waenga i te 0.013 ki te 2.600 mg/kg. I te nuinga o te wā, i kitea te melamine i roto i te 85% o ngā tauira, engari kotahi anake te waitohu motuhake i nui ake ngā taumata i te rohe e whakaaetia ana.44 I kōrero a Tittlemier me ētahi atu mō ngā taumata melamine i roto i te paura miraka mai i te 0.00528 ki te 0.0122 mg/kg.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 3 i ngā hua aromatawai mōrearea mō ngā rōpū reanga e toru. He iti iho i te 1 te mōrearea i roto i ngā rōpū reanga katoa. Nō reira, kāore he mōrearea hauora kore-matepukupuku mai i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi.
Tērā pea nā te poke kore i te wā e whakaritea ana te take o te iti o te parahanga i roto i ngā hua miraka, engari nā te tāpiri ā-taupānga pea nā te mea i tāpirihia ngā taumata teitei ake. Hei tāpiri, ko te mōrearea whānui ki te hauora o te tangata mai i te kai i ngā hua miraka he iti te taumata melamine e kiia ana he iti. Ka taea te whakatau ko te kai i ngā hua kei roto i aua taumata iti o te melamine kāore he mōrearea ki te hauora o te kaihoko52.
I te mea he mea nui te whakahaere haumaru kai i roto i te umanga miraka, inā koa mō te tiaki i te hauora o te marea, he mea tino nui te whakawhanake me te whakamana i tētahi tikanga mō te aromatawai me te whakatairite i ngā taumata melamine me ngā toenga i roto i te paura miraka me te miraka pēpi. I whakawhanakehia he tikanga ine HPLC-UV māmā, tika hoki mō te whakatau i te melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. I whakamanahia te tikanga kia pono ai, kia tika ai hoki. I whakaatuhia he tairongo ngā rohe kitenga me te ine i ngā taumata melamine i roto i te miraka pēpi me te paura miraka. E ai ki ā mātou raraunga, i kitea te melamine i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauira Iranian. Ko ngā taumata melamine katoa i kitea i raro iho i ngā rohe mōrahi i whakaaetia e CAC, e tohu ana kāore te kai i ēnei momo hua miraka e tūpono ki te hauora o te tangata.
Ko ngā matū katoa i whakamahia he mea tātari: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% parakore (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); acetonitrile HPLC-grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Tiamana); wai tino parakore (Millipore, Morfheim, Wīwī). Ngā tātari werowero whakakorekore (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, rahi o te pūwero 0.45 μm, diameter o te kiriuhi 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Tiamana).
I whakamahia he kaukau ultrasonic (Elma, Tiamana), he centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Tiamana) me te HPLC (KNAUER, Tiamana) hei whakarite i ngā tauira.
I whakamahia he mīhini tātari wai mahi-teitei (KNAUER, Tiamana) he taputapu kite UV. Ko ngā tikanga tātari HPLC penei: he pūnaha UHPLC Ultimate he pou tātari ODS-3 C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, rahi matūriki 5 μm) (MZ, Tiamana). Ko te wai whakapūngao HPLC (wāhanga neke) he ranunga TFA/methanol (450:50 mL) me te tere rere o te 1 mL min-1. Ko te roangaru kite he 242 nm. Ko te rōrahi werohanga he 100 μL, ko te pāmahana pou he 20 °C. Nā te mea he roa te wā pupuri o te rongoā (15 meneti), me mahi te werohanga e whai ake nei i muri i te 25 meneti. I tautuhia te melamine mā te whakataurite i te wā pupuri me te tihi hihi UV o ngā paerewa melamine.
I whakaritea he otinga paerewa o te melamine (10 μg/mL) mā te whakamahi i te wai, ā, i rongoatia ki roto i te pouaka whakamātao (4 °C) kia matara atu i te mārama. Whakaranua te otinga taketake ki te wāhanga neke, kātahi ka whakarite i ngā otinga paerewa mahi. I werohia ia otinga paerewa ki roto i te HPLC e 7 ngā wā. I tatauhia te whārite whakataurite 10 mā te tātari whakatau tata o te horahanga tihi kua whakatauhia me te kukū kua whakatauhia.
I hokona mai i ngā hūpāmakete me ngā whare rongoā o te rohe ngā paura miraka kau (20 tauira) me ngā tauira o ngā momo miraka kau rerekē (20 tauira) hei whāngai i ngā pēpi o ngā reanga rerekē (0–6 marama, 6–12 marama, me te >12 marama) ā, i rongoatia ki te pāmahana pouaka whakamātao (4 °C) tae noa ki te tātaritanga. Kātahi ka paunatia te 1 ± 0.01 karamu o te paura miraka kua whakaranua, ā, i konatunatua ki te acetonitrile:wai (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). I whakaohokia te ranunga mō te 1 meneti, kātahi ka sonicated ki roto i te kaukau ultrasonic mō te 30 meneti, ā, i te mutunga ka rūrūtia mō te 1 meneti. Kātahi ka centrifuged te ranunga ki te 9000 × g mō te 10 meneti i te pāmahana rūma, ā, i tātarihia te wai i roto i te ipu autosampler 2 ml mā te whakamahi i te tātari syringe 0.45 μm. Kātahi ka konatunatua te tātari (250 μl) ki te wai (750 μl) ka werohia ki runga i te pūnaha HPLC10,42.
Hei whakamana i te tikanga, i whakatauhia e mātou te whakaora, te tika, te rohenga o te kitenga (LOD), te rohenga o te ine (LOQ), me te tika i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai. I tautuhia te LOD hei te ihirangi tauira me te teitei tihi e toru ngā wā i te taumata haruru taketake. I tētahi atu taha, ko te ihirangi tauira me te teitei tihi 10 ngā wā i te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru i tautuhia hei LOQ.
I whakatauhia te urupare a te taputapu mā te whakamahi i tētahi pihi whakatikatika e whitu ngā raraunga. I whakamahia ngā momo ihirangi melamine (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 me te 1.2). I whakatauhia te rārangi o te tukanga tatau melamine. I tua atu, i tāpirihia ētahi taumata rerekē o te melamine ki ngā tauira kau. I hangaia te pihi whakatikatika mā te werohanga tonu i te 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 o tētahi otinga melamine paerewa ki roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te miraka paura, ā, ko tōna R2 = 0.9925. I aromatawaihia te tika mā te whakahokinga me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō i te tukanga, ā, i tutuki mā te werohanga i ngā tauira i ngā rā tuatahi me ngā rā e toru i muri mai (kia toru ngā tārua). I aromatawaihia te whakahokinga o te tikanga mā te tatau i te % RSD mō ngā kukū rerekē e toru o te melamine i tāpirihia. I whakahaerehia ngā rangahau whakaora hei whakatau i te tika. I tatauhia te nui o te whakaoranga mā te tikanga tango i ngā taumata e toru o te kukū melamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) i roto i ngā tauira miraka pēpi me te miraka maroke9,11,15.
I whakatauhia te kai e whakaarohia ana i ia rā (EDI) mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Ko Ci te nui o te melamine toharite, ko Cc te miraka e kainga ana, ā, ko BW te taumaha toharite o ngā tamariki.
I whakamahia te SPSS 24 hei tātari raraunga. I whakamātauria te ōritetanga mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau Kolmogorov-Smirnov; he whakamātautau kore-taurite ngā raraunga katoa (p = 0). Nō reira, i whakamahia te whakamātautau Kruskal-Wallis me te whakamātautau Mann-Whitney hei whakatau i ngā rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā rōpū.
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